CSC159 COMPUTER

ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER 1

Evolution of Computer
Architecture
In reference to the different
generations of computing devices
Each generation characterized by a
major technological development that
fundamentally changed the way
computers operate
Move towards smaller, cheaper, more
powerful, more efficient & reliable
devices

LESSON OUTCOMES
1. HISTORY OF COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

0th
Generation
5th
Generation

1st
Generation

4th
Generation

2nd
Generation
3rd
Generation

2. STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT

0th Generation
Period

Technology

1642 1940

Mechanical
Era

Inventor/invention
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
was the son of a tax collector and a mathematical
genius. He designed the first mechanical calculator
(Pascaline) based on gears. It performed + and -.
Gottfried von Leibnitz (1646-1716)
was a German mathematician and built the first
calculator to do * and / (Stepped Reckoner). It was
not reliable due to accuracy of contemporary parts.
Charles Babbage (1792-1872)
Analytical Engine
Had 4 components the store (memory), the mill
(computation unit), the input section (punched card
reader), the output section (punched & printed outputs)
John V.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry
ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)
First totally electronic digital computer

Blaise Pascal

Gottfried von Leibnitz

Charles Babbage

John V.Atanasoff and Clifford Berry

1st Generation
Period

Technology

Inventor/invention

Main Features

Types of
computer

1940 1955

Vacuum tube
Use vacuum tubes for
circuitry & magnetic
drums for memory
Vacuum tubes
Size is bulky/very
large
Made from glass
Fragile
Short-lived
(heatburned out)
Use a great deal
of electricityvery
expensive
Computers relied on
machine language &
could only solve one
problem at a time
Input: punched cards &
paper tape
Output: displayed on
printouts

ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical
Integrator and
Computer)
John W.Mauchly
and J. Presper
Eckert
First all-electronic
digital computer
EDVAC, IAS and
UNIVAC I (first
commercially
available
computer)

Vacuum tube
technology
Unreliable
Supported
machine
language only
Very costly
Generated lot of
heat
Slow input and
output devices
Huge size
Need of A.C.
Non-portable
Consumed lot of
electricity

ENIAC
EDVAC
IAS
UNIVAC
IBM-701
IBM-650

ENIAC
UNIVAC

EDVAC
IAS Machine

2nd Generation
Period

Technology

Inventor/invention

Main Features

Types of
computer

19551965

Transistor

Made of specially
treated silicon which
controlled the flow of
electric current
Generated less heat &
wouldnt burn out
Allow computers to
become smaller,
faster,
cheaper, & more
energy-efficient than
before
more reliable than
vacuum tubes
Use assembly
languages - allow
programmers to
specify instructions
in words

Use of transistors
Reliable in comparison to
first generation computers
Smaller size as compared
to first generation
computers
Generated less heat as
compared to first
generation computers
Consumed less electricity
as compared to first
generation computers
Faster than first generation
computers
Still very costly
A.C. needed
Supported machine and
assembly languages

IBM 1620
IBM 7094
CDC 6600
CDC 3600
UNIVAC
1108

IBM 7094

CDC 6600

3rd Generation
Period

Technology

Inventor/invention

Main Features

Types of
computer

1965 1980

Integrated
Circuit based

The computers of third

generation used
integrated circuits (IC's) in
place of transistors. A single
IC has many transistors,
resistors and capacitors along
with the associated circuitry.
The IC was invented by
Jack Kilby. This development
made computers smaller in
size, reliable and efficient. In
this generation remote
processing, time-sharing,
multi-programming operating
system were used. High-level
languages (FORTRAN-II TO
IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1,
BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were
used during this generation.

More reliable
in comparison
to previous two
generations
Smaller size
Generated less
heat
Faster
Lesser
maintenance
Still costly
A.C needed
Consumed
lesser
electricity
Supported
high-level
language

IBM-360 series
Honeywell6000 series
PDP(Personal
Data
Processor)
IBM-370/168
TDC-316

4th Generation
Period

Technology

Inventor/invention

Main Features

Types of
computer

1980 Present

VLSI
microprocessor
based

Microprocessors *(VLSI)
Thousands of ICs
built onto a single
chip
Could be mass
produced (PCs)
Computers become even
smaller & more powerful
GUIs, mouse, handheld
devices
Open architecture
The hardware
design was made
available to anyone
Anyone could write
software or build
hardware

VLSI
technology
used
Very cheap
Portable and
reliable
Use of PC's
Very small size
Pipeline
processing
No A.C.
needed
Concept of
internet was
introduced
Great
developments
in the fields of
networks
Computers
became easily
available

DEC 10
STAR 1000
PDP 11
CRAY-1(Super
Computer)
CRAY-XMP(Super
Computer)

5th Generation
Period

Technology

Inventor/invention

Main Features

Types of
computer

Present Beyond

ULSI
Technology

1) Artificial Intelligence
Goal: to develop devices
that respond to natural
language input & are
capable of learning & selforganize

Robotics
Nano-technology
Anything smaller than
Microtechnology

2) Age of Connectivity
Release of WWW
standards in 1991
possible to connect
computers all over the
world
Shift towards technology
that focuses on mobility
(wireless revolution)

ULSI technology
Development of
true artificial
intelligence
Development of
Natural language
processing
Advancement in
Parallel Processing
Advancement in
Superconductor
technology
More user friendly
interfaces with
multimedia
features
Availability of very
powerful and
compact
computers at
cheaper rates

Desktop
Laptop
NoteBook
UltraBook
ChromeBook

Stored Program Concept

John von Neumann
A genius who spoke many languages, was an
expert in the physical sciences & mathematics, &
had a total recall of everything he ever heard, saw,
or read
A consultant on the ENIAC project
Proposed significant improvements over the ENIAC
design
EDVAC and IAS

John Von Neumann Architecture

THE PRINCIPLES :
Data & instructions are both stored in main
memory while being processed
Sequential processing of instructions
Binary data processing
Consists of CPU, memory, & I/O system

John Von Neumann Architecture

A more complete view of the computer system architecture
that integrates interaction (human or otherwise) consists of:

John Von Neumann Architecture

A central processing unit (CPU); it contains the control unit
(CU), arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and Interface unit
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations

CU: control unit

Controls processing of instructions
Controls movement of data within the CPU

Interface unit
Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware
components
Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different
components

John Von Neumann Architecture

Memory : Short-term storage for CPU calculations,
Holds both instructions and data of a computer
program
Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch
cards
Output devices: monitor, printer, fax machine
Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes,
magnetic tape
Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power
between different components

John Von Neumann Architecture

In the von Neumann architecture, a small set of circuits can be
driven to perform very different tasks, depending on the software
program, which is executed.
The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions fetch
from the main memory.
An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.
The CU is the one which interprets the instruction to be executed
and which tells the different other components of what to do.
The CPU includes a set of registers, which are temporary storage
devices typically used to hold