FHMM1014 Mathematics I
Chapter 1
Number and Set
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Content
1.1 Real Numbers System.
1.2 Indices and Logarithm
1.3 Complex Numbers
1.4 Set
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Real Numbers
What number system have you been using most of
your life?
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N = { 1, 2, 3, }
Whole Numbers:
(ii) Integers
Natural numbers, their negatives, and 0.
Z = {, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, }
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2,
5, e , , K K
Note: The square roots of all natural numbers which are not
perfect squares are irrational.
Z
N
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4
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Example 1 (a)
Identify each number below as an integer, or
natural number, or rational number or irrational
number.
8,
21,
2.005,
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0,
23
,
9
0.3333,
0.5381,
0.1234,
7, 1.5,
10
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(1) a (b c) ab ac
(2) a (b c) ab ac
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a a 1
1
a
1
a
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Example
Example11(b)
(b)
Identify the law that justifies each of the following
statements:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
x ( x y ) x x x y
(2 x 3) 5 2 x (3 5)
2 x (5 3x) (2 x 5) 3x
If a b 0, then a b
If ( x 5)( x 4) 0 x 5 0 or x 4 0
2
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(a, b) {x : a x b}
[a, b] {x : a x b}
(a, b] {x : a x b} or [a, b) {x : a x b}
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Example 2
(i) Express each interval in terms of inequalities,
and then graph the interval.
a) [1, 8)
b) [2.5, 8]
c) (3, )
(ii) Graph each set.
(a) (1, 3) [2, 8]
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Absolute Values
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number, x
is denoted by x .
x if
x
x if
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x0
x0
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Absolute Values
x a a x a
x a x a , x a
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Example 3
Find the values of x if
(i)
3x 1 5
(ii)
2x 6 x ,
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x0
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1.2
Indices and
Logarithms
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1.2 Exponents
If a is any real number and n is a positive
integer, then the nth power of a is:
a aa a
n
(multiply a n times).
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Properties of Exponents
For m,n Integers and a, b Real numbers ,
i)
a a a
m n
ii )
a a a
mn
iii ) ( a ) a
m
iv ) a 1
0
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mn
1
n
v)
a
n
a
vi ) (ab) n a n b n
a
vii )
b
a
viii )
b
an
n
b
b
a
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Exponential Equation
An equation with a variable in the exponent is
called an exponential equation.
Property :
x
y
** If a 0 , a 1, and a a , then x y.
x
y
If
a
0
,
a
1
,
and
x
y
,
then
a
a
.
**
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Example 4
Solve (a)
(b)
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2 16
16 64
x
2 x 1
x 3
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Example 5
Solve the equation
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2 x 3
3(2 ) 16 0 .
x
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Exponential Functions
The exponential function with base a
is defined for all real numbers x by:
x
f ( x) a
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Example 6
2
If f ( x) 2 , find f (1), f
5
x
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and f (3)
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1
As m becomes larger and larger, 1
m
x x
x
x
e 1 ...
1! 2! 3!
n 0 n !
x
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y ex
y 2x
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e , 3e
0.32
and e
3.8
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Logarithm
Definition of logarithm :
For a 0, a 1, and x 0,
xa
means log a x n
0
1
a
**
log a 1 0
** a a
log a a 1
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Properties of Logarithms
iii. log a x
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log a x log a y
x
y
p
p log a x
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Properties of Logarithms
log b c
iv. log a c
log b a
1
v. log a b
log b a
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Example 7
Solve the equations
(i) log 3 x 2 log 3 x log 9 27
(ii) 2 log x 3 log 9
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9
x
4
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Note :
be
log e x ln x
ln e 1
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Example 8
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x 9
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Complex Numbers
A complex number :
z a ib
(real part)
(imaginary part)
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Conjugates
For the complex number
z a ib
z a ib
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(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i (b d )
Subtraction:
(a ib) (c id ) (a c) i(b d )
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(c id ) (c id )(c id )
c2 d 2
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Example 9
1. (3 6i ) (6 2i ) (3 6) (6 2)i 9 4i
2. (3 6i ) (6 2i ) (3 6) [6 (2)]i 3 8i
3. (3 6i )(6 2i ) [3(6) 6(2)] [3(2) 6(6)]i 30 30i
3 6i 3 6i
4.
1 2i 1 2i
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9 12
1 2i 9 12i
i
5
5 5
1 2i
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i 1 (or 1 i )
2
Therefore, for
x 9 3 (1) 3 i
2
x 3 i 3i
2
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Example 10
1. 3 i 3
2. 3 4 3 i 4 3 2i
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Example 11
Solve equation x 3 x 6 0
2
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Argand Diagram
To graph the complex number a + bi (or x + yi)
we plot the ordered pair of numbers (a, b) or
(x, y) in this Cartesian plane/form.
Imaginary axis
| z | a b r
2
P( x , y )
a + bi
bi
r
r=length
a
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Real axis
x
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Complex Number
Graph the complex numbers:
a ) z1 3 4i
b) z 2 6 8i
c) ( z1 z 2 )
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Modulus
The modulus (or absolute value) of the complex number
is:
z x iy
| z | x y
2
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Argument
The argument of z,
denoted by arg(z), is the
angle between OX and
OP.
P( x , y )
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tan
tan
1 | y |
| x|
1
.
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tan
tan
-1
.
4
1 | y |
| x|
1
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tan
1
-1
1 | y |
| x |
1 1
tan
1
.
4
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-1
-1
| y |
tan
| x |
1 1
tan
1
3
.
4
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Example 12
Find the modulus and argument of the complex numbers:
a) 3 4i
b) 6 7i
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z a ib
2
Then we have ( x iy ) a ib
2
( x y ) i ( 2 xy ) a ib
2
Equating the real & imaginary parts will produce 2 new equations.
Therefore x and y can be obtained by solving these 2 equations.
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Example 13
Find
i) 3 4i
ii 6i
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0
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x
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Example 14
Write these complex numbers in Cartesian forms
into Polar (trigonometric) form.
a.
3 4i
b.
2 3 2i
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Example 16
1 1
(a) Given z i, Find
4 2
i the modulus of z,|z | .
(ii) the argument of z, , where .
(b) Given z1 2 3i and z 2 6 8i.
1
3
Express
in the Cartesian form of x yi.
z1 2 z1 z 2
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1.4 Sets
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Set
SET = Any collection of objects specified in
such a way that we can tell whether any
given object is or is not in the
collection.
Each object in a set is called a member, or
element, of the set.
Capital letters are often used to designate
particular sets.
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Set
a A means a is an element of set A
a A means a is not an element of set A
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Set
Let set A : { x x is an even positive integer which is
less than 13 }.
4 A , 10 A.
9 A , 13 A
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Subset
If each element of a set A is also an element of set B,
then A is a subset of B.
If set A and set B have exactly the same elements,
then the two sets are said to be equal.
Notation :
A B
A B
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means A is a subset of B
means A is not a subset of B
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Universal Set
A set that contains all the elements of the
set in a specific discussion is called the
universal set. It is represented by:
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Empty Set
A set without any elements is called the
empty, or null, set. It is represented by:
Note :
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Example 17
If A = { 3, 2, 2, 3 } , B = { 3, 3, 2, 2 } ,
and C = { 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }.
Indicate whether the following relationships are
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F):AB
A B
BC
AC
BC
CA
C
B
A
BC
AC
B A
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Example 18
(a)
(i) { 0}
(b)
(ii) { 0}
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Operations of Sets
Union
Intersection
Difference
Complement
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Union
The union of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of all elements formed by combining all the
elements of A and all the elements of B into one set.
A B { x x A or x B }
x may be an element of set A or set B or both.
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Intersection
The intersection of sets A and B , denoted by A B ,
is the set of elements in set A that are also in set B .
A B { x x A and x B }
x is an element of both set A and set B .
If A B , the sets A and B are said to be
disjoint / mutually exclusive.
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A B { x x A but x B }
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Complement
The complement of A , denoted by A 'or A,
is the set of elements in that are not in A .
A' { x x , x A }
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Venn Diagram
Union :
A B
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Venn Diagram
Intersection :
A B
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Venn Diagram
Intersection : (A and B are mutually exclusive)
A
A B
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Venn Diagram
Complement :
A'
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Example 19
If A = { 2, 4, 6 } , B = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } ,
C = { 3, 8, 9 } , and
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
Find :-
A B
(iii) B C
(i)
(v)
A'
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(ii)
A B
(iv) B C
(vi) C '
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Example 20
Given that
{x : 10 x 30 , x },
Y {x : x is a multiple of 5},
Z {x : x is a factor of 60}.
Find:
(i) ( X Y )'
(iii) X ' Y '
(iv) Y Z
(ii) Y ' Z
(v) ( X Z )' Y
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Example 21
Given {x 5 x 10, x R}
A {x 1 x 8, x R}
B {x 3 x 5, x R}
C {x 2 x 7, x R}
Find, in interval notation, each of the following sets:
(a) A B C
(b) A B
(c ) ( A B ) C
( e) ( A C ) B
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(d ) ( B C ) A
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Commutative law
Associative law
Distributive law
De Morgans law
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Commutative Law
For any two sets A and B,
A B B A
A B B A
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Associative Law
For any three sets A, B and C,
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
A ( B C ) ( A B) C A B C
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Distributive Law
For any three sets A, B and C,
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
A ( B C ) ( A B) ( A C )
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De Morgans Law
For any two sets A and B,
First law :
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Example 22
By using set algebra, prove that, for any sets A and B
(i ) A ( A B) A B
'
(ii ) [ B ( A B ) ] A B
'
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Example 23
By using set algebra, prove that, for any sets A and B
(i ) B ( B A) A B
(ii) A B A A B
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The End
Of
Chapter 1
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