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Lecture 1 Outline (Ch.

5)
I.

Membrane Structure

II. Permeability
III. Transport Across Membranes
A. Passive
B. Facilitated
C. Active
D. Bulk

Membrane structure
1915, knew membrane made of lipids and proteins
Reasoned that membrane = bilayer
Where to place proteins?

Lipid layer 1
Proteins
Lipid layer 2

Membrane structure

Membrane structure
freeze fracture

proteins intact,
one layer or other
two layers look different

Membrane structure
Experiment to determine membrane fluidity:

marked membrane proteins mixed in hybrid cell

Membrane structure
Membrane fluidity
phospholipid f.a. tails: saturation affects fluidity

cholesterol buffers
temperature changes

Membrane structure
fluid mosaic model 1970s
fluid phospholipids move around

mosaic proteins embedded in membrane

Membrane structure
cell membrane amphipathic - hydrophilic & hydrophobic

hydrophilic

hydrophobic
hydrophilic
membrane proteins inserted, also amphipathic

Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins:
Integral: inserted in membrane
- transmembrane span
membrane

Peripheral: next to membrane


- inside or outside

Membrane structure
Two transmembrane proteins: different structure

Bacteriorhodopsin: proton pump

Bacterial pore protein

Membrane Proteins

Movement of molecules

Simple Diffusion: most basic


force to move molecules

Disperse until concentration equal in all areas

Movement of molecules
Cell membranes only allow some molecules across w/out help:

Small, non-polar molecules OK


ex. steroids, O2, CO2
No charged, polar, or large molecules
ex. sugars, ions, water*

Transport Across Membranes


Types of transport:
A. Passive transport
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis

B. Active transport
C. Bulk transport
Energy Required?
Directionality?

Passive Transport - Simple Diffusion


NO ENERGY required
DOWN concentration gradient

molecules
equally distribute
across available
area by type

- non-polar molecules
(steroids, O2, CO2)

Passive Transport Facilitated Diffusion


NO ENERGY required
DOWN concentration gradient

molecules equally distribute but cross membrane


with the help of a channel (a) or carrier (b) protein.

Passive Transport - Osmosis


osmosis movement
of water across cell
membrane

water crosses cell


membranes via
special channels
called aquaporins

moves into/out of cell until


solute concentration is balanced

Passive Transport - Osmosis


In each situation below, does water have net
movement, and which direction:
fewer solutes in
solution, than in cell

equal solutes in
solution as in cell

more solutes in
solution, than in cell

Passive Transport - Osmosis


tonicity # solutes in solution in relation to cell

- hypotonic fewer
solutes in solution

- isotonic equal
solutes in solution

animal cell

- hypertonic more
solutes in solution
plant cell

Passive Transport - Osmosis


Paramecium example
regulate water balance
pond water hypotonic
water into contractile
vacuole
water
expelled

Passive Transport - Osmosis


Scenario: in movie theater, watching a long movie.
You are: drinking water
What happens to your
blood?

You are: eating popcorn


What happens to your
blood?

Active Transport
ENERGY IS required
UP/AGAINST
concentration gradient

Ex. Na-K ion pump


- Na+ ions: inside to out
- K+ ions: outside to in

transport proteins
a. ion pumps
(uniporters)
b. symporter/antiporter
c. coupled transport

antiporter: two molecules move


opposite directions (UP gradient)

Active Transport - uniporter


Ex. proton (H+) pump

ATP used pump H+ ions out

uniporter:
ONE molecule
UP gradient

against concentration and charge gradients


*gradients used by cell for energy potential

Active Transport coupled transport


Ex. Active glucose transporter

coupled transport: one molecule


UP gradient & other DOWN
gradient (opposite directions)

Na+ diffusion used for


glucose active transport

Na+ moving DOWN


concentration gradient
Glucose moving UP
concentration gradient

Bulk Transport
ENERGY IS required
Several or large molecules
Molecules moved IN
- endocytosis
phagocytosis
food in

pinocytosis
water in

Bulk Transport

receptor-mediated endocytosis
proteins bind molecules, vesicles inside
Molecules
moved OUT
exocytosis

Self-Check
Type of
transport

Energy
required?

Movement
direction?

Examples:

Simple diffusion

no

Down conc. gradient

O2, CO2, nonpolar molecules

Osmosis
Facilitated
diffusion
Active transport
Bulk transport

Lecture 1 Outline (Ch. 6)


I.

Energy and Metabolism

II.

Thermodynamics
A. 1st Law conservation of energy
B. 2nd Law - entropy

III. Free Energy


IV. Chemical Reactions
V.

Cellular Energy - ATP

VI. Enzymes
A. Function
B. Regulation

Energy
What is Energy?
The capacity to
cause change

Where does energy on earth come from originally?


40 million billion calories per second!

Metabolism
Metabolism chemical conversions in an organism

Types of Energy:
- Kinetic Energy = energy of movement - thermal
- Potential = stored energy - chemical

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics study of energy transformation in a system
Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy (& vice versa)
Potential Energy

Kinetic Energy

Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics: Explain the characteristics of energy
1st Law:
Energy is conserved
Energy is not created or destroyed
Energy can be converted (Chemical Heat)
2nd Law:
During conversions, amount of useful energy decreases
No process is 100% efficient
Entropy (measure of disorder) is increased
Energy is converted from more useful to less useful forms

Metabolism
Metabolic reactions: Chemical reactions in organism
Two Types of Metabolic Reactions:

Catabolic = breaks
down molecules

Anabolic = builds
up molecules

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions:
Like home offices tend toward disorder

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions:
Endergonic energy required to complete reaction
Exergonic energy given off

Exergonic

Endergonic

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction:
Process that makes and breaks chemical bonds

Reactants

Products

Two Types of Chemical Reactions:


1) Exergonic = releases energy
2) Endergonic = requires energy

Chemical Reactions
1. Exergonic reactions: Energy out
Reactants have more energy than products
Reaction releases energy

2. Endergonic reactions: Energy in


Products have more energy than reactants
Requires influx of energy

Chemical Reactions

Glucose CO2 + H20

CO2 + H20 Glucose

release free energy

intake free energy

spontaneous

non-spontaneous

Exergonic reaction

Endergonic reaction

Chemical Reactions
Activation Energy: Energy required to jumpstart a chemical
reaction
Must overcome repulsion of molecules due to negative
charged electrons

Nucleus

Activation
Energy
Nucleus

Repel

Repel

Nucleus

Activation
Energy
Nucleus

Chemical Reactions
Exergonic Reaction:

Downhill reactions

Reactants have more energy than products

But will sugar spontaneously burst into flames?


Activation energy:
Make sugar and O2
molecules collide

sugar + O2
water + CO2

Cellular Energy - ATP

ATP = adenosine
triphosphate

ribose, adenine, 3 phosphates


last (terminal) phosphate
- removable

Cellular Energy - ATP

ATP hydrolyzed to ADP


stores 7.3 calories per mole

ATP + H2O

ADP + Pi

Energy released, coupled to another chemical reaction

Cellular Energy - ATP


ATP regenerated

need 7.3 kcal/mol to build ATP


cells power building ATP by coupling to exergonic reactions
- cellular respiration

Enzymes
Energy of activation (EA)
reactants absorb energy
called: EA
Reach EA, reaction
proceeds (limiting step)

Exergonic energy given off

EA from ambient heat usually insufficient


This is GOOD!

Enzymes
Enzymes
lower EA
only for specific rxns

cell chooses which


reactions go forward!

enzymes: -do not make endergonic exergonic


-do speed up rxn would occur anyway

Enzymes
enzyme specific to substrate

active site part of enzyme -substrate


binding tightens fit induced fit

form enzyme-substrate complex

catalytic part of enzyme:


converts reactant(s) to product(s)

Enzymes

Enzymes
Enzymes lowers EA by:
-template orientation
substrate(s) enter

-stress bonds
-microenvironment

enzyme reused
products formed

What factors might affect enzyme activity?

Enzymes
inhibitors:

Drug blocks HIV enzyme


at the active site

Enzymes
Feedback Inhibition:

Like your furnace:

Detector

Furnace
turns on

cold
room

Room is
warm
warm
room

Lecture 1 Summary
1. Membrane composition and function (Ch. 5)
Phospholipids and cholesterol
Integral and peripheral proteins
2. How molecules cross membranes (Ch. 5)
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Bulk Transport
3. Energy (Ch. 6)
Types, conversion
4. Metabolic/chemical reactions (Ch. 6)
Catabolic/Endergonic
Anabolic/Exergonic
5. ATP (Ch. 6)
6. Enzymes (Ch. 6)
Purpose
Function
Regulation

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