5)
I.
Membrane Structure
II. Permeability
III. Transport Across Membranes
A. Passive
B. Facilitated
C. Active
D. Bulk
Membrane structure
1915, knew membrane made of lipids and proteins
Reasoned that membrane = bilayer
Where to place proteins?
Lipid layer 1
Proteins
Lipid layer 2
Membrane structure
Membrane structure
freeze fracture
proteins intact,
one layer or other
two layers look different
Membrane structure
Experiment to determine membrane fluidity:
Membrane structure
Membrane fluidity
phospholipid f.a. tails: saturation affects fluidity
cholesterol buffers
temperature changes
Membrane structure
fluid mosaic model 1970s
fluid phospholipids move around
Membrane structure
cell membrane amphipathic - hydrophilic & hydrophobic
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
hydrophilic
membrane proteins inserted, also amphipathic
Membrane Proteins
Membrane proteins:
Integral: inserted in membrane
- transmembrane span
membrane
Membrane structure
Two transmembrane proteins: different structure
Membrane Proteins
Movement of molecules
Movement of molecules
Cell membranes only allow some molecules across w/out help:
B. Active transport
C. Bulk transport
Energy Required?
Directionality?
molecules
equally distribute
across available
area by type
- non-polar molecules
(steroids, O2, CO2)
equal solutes in
solution as in cell
more solutes in
solution, than in cell
- hypotonic fewer
solutes in solution
- isotonic equal
solutes in solution
animal cell
- hypertonic more
solutes in solution
plant cell
Active Transport
ENERGY IS required
UP/AGAINST
concentration gradient
transport proteins
a. ion pumps
(uniporters)
b. symporter/antiporter
c. coupled transport
uniporter:
ONE molecule
UP gradient
Bulk Transport
ENERGY IS required
Several or large molecules
Molecules moved IN
- endocytosis
phagocytosis
food in
pinocytosis
water in
Bulk Transport
receptor-mediated endocytosis
proteins bind molecules, vesicles inside
Molecules
moved OUT
exocytosis
Self-Check
Type of
transport
Energy
required?
Movement
direction?
Examples:
Simple diffusion
no
Osmosis
Facilitated
diffusion
Active transport
Bulk transport
II.
Thermodynamics
A. 1st Law conservation of energy
B. 2nd Law - entropy
VI. Enzymes
A. Function
B. Regulation
Energy
What is Energy?
The capacity to
cause change
Metabolism
Metabolism chemical conversions in an organism
Types of Energy:
- Kinetic Energy = energy of movement - thermal
- Potential = stored energy - chemical
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics study of energy transformation in a system
Potential energy can be converted to kinetic energy (& vice versa)
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics: Explain the characteristics of energy
1st Law:
Energy is conserved
Energy is not created or destroyed
Energy can be converted (Chemical Heat)
2nd Law:
During conversions, amount of useful energy decreases
No process is 100% efficient
Entropy (measure of disorder) is increased
Energy is converted from more useful to less useful forms
Metabolism
Metabolic reactions: Chemical reactions in organism
Two Types of Metabolic Reactions:
Catabolic = breaks
down molecules
Anabolic = builds
up molecules
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions:
Like home offices tend toward disorder
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions:
Endergonic energy required to complete reaction
Exergonic energy given off
Exergonic
Endergonic
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction:
Process that makes and breaks chemical bonds
Reactants
Products
Chemical Reactions
1. Exergonic reactions: Energy out
Reactants have more energy than products
Reaction releases energy
Chemical Reactions
spontaneous
non-spontaneous
Exergonic reaction
Endergonic reaction
Chemical Reactions
Activation Energy: Energy required to jumpstart a chemical
reaction
Must overcome repulsion of molecules due to negative
charged electrons
Nucleus
Activation
Energy
Nucleus
Repel
Repel
Nucleus
Activation
Energy
Nucleus
Chemical Reactions
Exergonic Reaction:
Downhill reactions
sugar + O2
water + CO2
ATP = adenosine
triphosphate
ATP + H2O
ADP + Pi
Enzymes
Energy of activation (EA)
reactants absorb energy
called: EA
Reach EA, reaction
proceeds (limiting step)
Enzymes
Enzymes
lower EA
only for specific rxns
Enzymes
enzyme specific to substrate
Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzymes lowers EA by:
-template orientation
substrate(s) enter
-stress bonds
-microenvironment
enzyme reused
products formed
Enzymes
inhibitors:
Enzymes
Feedback Inhibition:
Detector
Furnace
turns on
cold
room
Room is
warm
warm
room
Lecture 1 Summary
1. Membrane composition and function (Ch. 5)
Phospholipids and cholesterol
Integral and peripheral proteins
2. How molecules cross membranes (Ch. 5)
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Bulk Transport
3. Energy (Ch. 6)
Types, conversion
4. Metabolic/chemical reactions (Ch. 6)
Catabolic/Endergonic
Anabolic/Exergonic
5. ATP (Ch. 6)
6. Enzymes (Ch. 6)
Purpose
Function
Regulation