Chapter 13

Magnetically Coupled Circuits

Chapter Objectives:
Understand magnetically coupled circuits.
Learn the concept of mutual inductance.

Be able to determine energy in a coupled circuit.

Learn how to analyze circuits involving linear and ideal transformers.
Be familiar with ideal autotransformers.
Learn how to analyze circuits involving three-phase transformers.
Be able to use PSpice to analyze magnetically coupled circuits.
Apply what is learnt to transformer as an isolation device and power
distribution
Huseyin Bilgekul
Eeng224 Circuit Theory II
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University

Eeng 224

Mutual Inductance
Transformers are constructed of two coils placed so that the charging
flux developed by one will link the other.
The coil to which the source is applied is called the primary coil.
The coil to which the load is applied is called the secondary coil.
Three basic operations of a transformer are:
Step up/down
Impedance matching
Isolation

Eeng 224

Mutual Inductance Devices

Eeng 224

Mutual Inductance
When two coils are placed close to each other, a changing flux in one coil will cause
an induced voltage in the second coil. The coils are said to have mutual inductance M,
which can either add or subtract from the total inductance depending on if the fields are
aiding or opposing.
Mutual inductance is the ability of one inductor to induce a voltage across a
neighboring inductor.

v1 N1

d1
d (11 21 )
N1
dt
dt

v2 N 2

d 2
d (12 22 )
N2
dt
dt

Eeng 224

Mutual Inductance

v2 M 21

a) Magnetic flux produced by a single

coil.

v1 M 12

di1
dt

b) Mutual inductance M21 of coil 2

with respect to coil 1.

di2
dt

c) Mutual inductance of M12 of coil 1

with respect to coil 2.

Eeng 224

Mutual Inductance
Mutual inductances M12 and M21 are equal.
They are referred as M.
We refer to M as the mutual inductance between two coils.
M is measured in Henrys.
Mutual inductance exists when two coils are close to each other.
Mutual inductance effect exist when circuits are driven by time varying sources.
Recall that inductors act like short circuits to DC.

M 12 M 21 M

Eeng 224

Dot Convention

If the current ENTERS the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is POSITIVE at the dotted terminal of the second coil.
If the current LEAVES the dotted terminal of one coil, the reference polarity of the
mutual voltage in the second coil is NEGATIVE at the dotted terminal of the second coil.

v2 M

di1
dt

v2 M

di1
dt

v1 M

v1 M

di2
dt

di2
dt
Eeng 224

Dot
Convention

Eeng 224

Coils in Series

The total inductance of two coupled coils in series depend on the placement of
the dotted ends of the coils. The mutual inductances may add or subtract.

a)

Series-aiding connection.
L=L1+L2+2M

b) Series-opposing connection.
L=L1+L2-2M

Eeng 224

Time-domain and Frequency-domain Analysis

jM

V1

I1

jL1

jL2

I2

V2

b) Frequency-domain circuit

a) Time-domain circuit

Time Domain
di1
di2
v1 i1 R1 L1
M
dt
dt
di
di
v2 i2 R2 L2 2 M 1
dt
dt
Frequency Domain
V1 ( R1 j L1 ) I1 j MI 2
V2 j MI1 ( R2 j L2 ) I 2
Eeng 224

10

Induced mutual voltages

Eeng 224

11

Induced mutual voltages

Eeng 224

12

P.P.13.2 Determine the phasor currents

Mesh 1 1260=(5+j2+j6-j3 2)I1 j 6I 2 j3I 2

j3I1
+
+
-

j3I2

+
-

Mesh 2 0=(j6-j4)I 2 j 6I1 j3I1

j3I1

Eeng 224

13

Mutually Induced Voltages

To find I0 in the following circuit, we need to write the mesh equations.

Let us represent the mutually induced voltages by inserting voltage sources in
order to avoid mistakes and confusion.

-j50
Io
I3
j20Ic
+

j40

j10Ib

j60

+
Ia

j30Ic

Ic

j30Ib

+
j20Ia

500 V
+

j80

I1
Ib

j10Ia

I2

100

Ia = I1 I3
Ib = I2 I1
Ic = I 3 I 2
Io = I3
Blue Voltage due to Ia
Red Voltage due to Ic
Green Voltage due to Ib
Eeng 224

14

Mutually Induced Voltages

To find I0 in the following circuit, we need to write the mesh equations.

Let us represent the mutually induced voltages by inserting voltage sources in
order to avoid mistakes and confusion.

Eeng 224

15

Energy in a Coupled Circuit

The total energy w stored in a mutually coupled inductor is:
Positive sign is selected if both currents ENTER or LEAVE the dotted terminals.
Otherwise we use Negative sign.

1 2 1
2
w L1i1 L2i2 Mi1i2
2
2

Eeng 224

16

Coupling Coefficient
The Coupling Coefficient k is a measure of the magnetic coupling between two
coils

0 k 1

k 1 Perfect Coupling
k 0.5 Loosly Coupling
k 0.5 Tightly Coupling

a)

Loosely coupled coil

b) Tightly coupled coil

0 k 1
M
k
L1 L2
Eeng 224

17

Linear Transformers
A transformer is generally a four-terminal device comprising two or more
magnetically coupled coils.

The transformer is called LINEAR if the coils are wound on magnetically linear
material.
For a LINEAR TRANSFORMER flux is proportional to current in the windings.
Resistances R1 and R2 account for losses in the coils.
The coils are named as PRIMARY and SECONDARY.

Eeng 224

18

Reflected Impedance for Linear Transformers

Let us obtain the input impedance as seen from the source,

ZR

V ( R1 j L1 ) I1 j MI 2
0 j MI1 ( R2 j L2 Z L ) I 2
V
2M 2
Z in R1 j L1
R1 j L1 Z R
I1
R2 j L2 Z L

2M 2
ZR
R2 j L2 Z L

REFLECTED IMPEDANCE

Secondary impedance seen from the primary side is the Reflected Impedance.
Eeng 224

19

Eeng 224

20

Equivalent T Circuit for Linear Transformers

The coupled transformer can equivalently be represented by an EQUIVALENT T
circuit using UNCOUPED INDUCTORS.

a)

Transformer circuit

b) Equivalent T circuit of the transformer

La L1 M , Lb L2 M , Lc M

Eeng 224

21

Equivalent Circuit for Linear Transformers

The coupled transformer can equivalently be represented by an EQUIVALENT

circuit using uncoupled inductors.

a)

Transformer circuit

b) Equivalent circuit of the transformer

L1 L2 M 2
L1 L2 M 2
L1 L2 M 2
LA
, LB
, LC
L2 M
L1 M
M

Eeng 224

22

La L1 M
Lb L2 M
Lc M

Eeng 224

23

Homework 2
Problem 13.79

X23

Submit your results by giving in the following results similar to the form
given below by May 2, 2007.
a) Your origiinal schematic diagram
b) The print page of your results
c) Repeat the calculation for 2 other values of X 23=j0, j10, j15

Eeng 224

24

Homework 2
Schematic Diagram

Eeng 224

25