ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture7
Development of Transmission Line Models

Professor Tom Overbye

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Announcements

For next two lectures read Chapter 5.

HW 2 is 4.10 (positive sequence is the same here as per phase), 4.18,
4.19, 4.23. Use Table A.4 values to determine the Geometric Mean
Radius of the wires (i.e., the ninth column). Due September 15 in
class.
Energy Tour opportunity on Oct 1 from 9am to 9pm. Visit a coal
power plant, a coal mine, a wind farm and a bio-diesel processing
plant. Sponsored by Students for Environmental Concerns. Cost isnt
finalized, but should be between $10 and $20. Contact Rebecca
Marcotte at marcott1@illinois.edu for more information or to sign up.

SDGE Transmission Grid (From CALISO

2009 Transmission Plan)

Line Conductors
Typical

transmission lines use multi-strand

conductors
ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforced)
conductors are most common. A typical Al. to St.
ratio is about 4 to 1.

Line Conductors, contd

Total

conductor area is given in circular mils. One circular

mil is the area of a circle with a diameter of 0.001 =
0.00052 square inches
Example: what is the the area of a solid, 1 diameter
circular wire?
Answer: 1000 kcmil (kilo circular mils)
Because conductors are stranded, the equivalent radius
must be provided by the manufacturer. In tables this value
is known as the GMR and is usually expressed in feet.

Line Resistance
Line resistance per unit length is given by

R =
where is the resistivity
A
Resistivity of Copper = 1.68 10-8 -m
Resistivity of Aluminum = 2.65 10-8 -m
Example: What is the resistance in / mile of a
1" diameter solid aluminum wire (at dc)?
2.65 10-8 -m
m

R
1609
0.084
2
mile
mile
0.0127m
6

Line Resistance, contd

Because ac current tends to flow towards the

surface of a conductor, the resistance of a line at 60
Hz is slightly higher than at dc.
Resistivity and hence line resistance increase as
conductor temperature increases (changes is about
8% between 25C and 50C)
Because ACSR conductors are stranded, actual
resistance, inductance and capacitance needs to be
determined from tables.

Variation in Line Resistance Example

Review of Electric Fields

To develop a model for line capacitance we
first need to review some electric field concepts.
Gauss's law:

A Dgda

= qe

(integrate over closed surface)

where
D = electric flux density, coulombs/m 2
da = differential area da, with normal to surface
A = total closed surface area, m 2
q e = total charge in coulombs enclosed
9

Gausss Law Example

Similar to Amperes Circuital law, Gausss Law is
most useful for cases with symmetry.
Example: Calculate D about an infinitely long wire
that has a charge density of q coulombs/meter.

A Dgda

D 2 Rh q e qh

Since D comes
radially out integrate over the
cylinder bounding
the wire

q
D
ar where ar radially directed unit vector
2 R

10

Electric Fields

The electric field, E, is related to the electric flux density,

D, by
D = E
where
E = electric field (volts/m)
= permittivity in farads/m (F/m)
= o r
o = permittivity of free space (8.85410-12 F/m)
r = relative permittivity or the dielectric constant
(1 for dry air, 2 to 6 for most dielectrics)
11

Voltage Difference
The voltage difference between any two
points P and P is defined as an integral
V

Egdl

In previous example the voltage difference between

points P and P , located radial distance R and R
from the wire is (assuming = o )
V

q
q
R
gdR
ln
2 o R
2 o R
12

Voltage Difference, contd

With
V

R
q
q
gdR
ln
2 o R
2 o R

if q is positive then those points closer in have

a higher voltage. Voltage is defined as the energy
(in Joules) required to move a 1 coulomb charge
against an electric field (Joules/Coulomb). Voltage
is infinite if we pick infinity as the reference point
13

Multi-Conductor Case
Now assume we have n parallel conductors,
each with a charge density of q i coulombs/m.
The voltage difference between our two points,
P and P , is now determined by superposition
V

R i
1 n

qi ln

2 i 1
R i

where R i is the radial distance from point P

to conductor i, and R i the distance from P to i.
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Multi-Conductor Case, contd

If we assume that

qi 0 then rewriting
i=1

1 n
1
1 n

qi ln

qi ln R i

2 i 1
R i 2 i 1

We then subtract

qi ln R 1 0
i 1

R i
1 n
1
1 n

qi ln

qi ln

2 i 1
R i 2 i 1
R 1

R i
As we more P to infinity, ln
0
R 1

15

Absolute Voltage Defined

Since the second term goes to zero as P goes to
infinity, we can now define the voltage of a
point w.r.t. a reference voltage at infinity:
V

1 n
1

qi ln

2 i 1
R i

This equation holds for any point as long as

it is not inside one of the wires!

16

Three Conductor Case

Assume we have three
infinitely long conductors,
A, B, & C, each with radius r
C
B
and distance D from the
other two conductors.
Assume charge densities such
that qa + qb + qc =0
1
1
1
1
Va
q
ln

q
ln

q
ln
a
b
c
2
r
D
D
qa
D
Va
ln
2 r
A

17

Line Capacitance
For a single line capacitance is defined as
qi CiVi
But for a multiple conductor case we need to
use matrix relationships since the charge on
conductor i may be a function of Vj
q1
C11 L
M

M L

qn
Cn1 L
q CV

C1n
M

Cnn

V1
M

Vn
18

Line Capacitance, contd

In ECE 476 we will not be considering theses
cases with mutual capacitance. To eliminate
mutual capacitance we'll again assume we have
a uniformly transposed line. For the previous
three conductor example:
Va V
Since q a = C Va

qa
2
C

Va
ln D r
19

Bundled Conductor Capacitance

Similar to what we did for determining line
inductance when there are n bundled conductors,
we use the original capacitance equation just
substituting an equivalent radius
R cb

(rd12 L d1n )

Note for the capacitance equation we use r rather

than r' which was used for R b in the inductance
equation
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Line Capacitance, contd

For the case of uniformly transposed lines we
use the same GMR, D m , as before.
C

ln

2
Dm

c
Rb

where
Dm
c
Rb

d ab d ac dbc

(rd12 L d1n )

1
3

(note r NOT r')

in air o 8.854 10-12 F/m

21

Line Capacitance Example

Calculate the per phase capacitance and susceptance
of a balanced 3, 60 Hz, transmission line with
horizontal phase spacing of 10m using three conductor
bundling with a spacing between conductors in the
bundle of 0.3m. Assume the line is uniformly
transposed and the conductors have a a 1cm radius.

22

Line Capacitance Example, contd

Rbc
Dm
C

Xc

(0.01 0.3 0.3)

(10 10 20)

0.0963 m

12.6 m

2 8.854 1012

1.141 1011 F/m

12.6
ln
0.0963
1
1

11
C
2 60 1.141 10 F/m
2.33 108 -m (not / m)
23

ACSR Table Data (Similar to Table A.4)

GMR is equivalent to r

Inductance and Capacitance

assume a Dm of 1 ft.
24

ACSR Data, contd

Dm
X L 2 f L 4 f 10 ln
1609 /mile
GMR
1

3
2.02 10 f ln
ln Dm
GMR

1
3
2.02 10 f ln
2.02 103 f ln Dm
GMR
7

Term from table assuming

a one foot spacing

Term independent
of conductor with
Dm infeet.

25

ACSR Data, Cont.

To use the phase to neutral capacitance from table
2 0
1
XC
-m where C
Dm
2 f C
ln
r
Dm
1
6

1.779 10 ln
-mile (table is in M-mile)
f
r
1
1 1

1.779 ln 1.779 ln Dm M-mile

f
r f
Term independent
Term from table assuming
of conductor with
a one foot spacing
Dm infeet.

26

Dove Example
GMR 0.0313 feet
Outside Diameter = 0.07725 feet (radius = 0.03863)
Assuming a one foot spacing at 60 Hz
1
7
X a 2 60 2 10 1609 ln
/mile
0.0313
X a 0.420 /mile, which matches the table
For the capacitance
1
1
6
X C 1.779 10 ln 9.65 104 -mile
f
r
27

Additional Transmission Topics

Multi-circuit

lines: Multiple lines often share a common

transmission right-of-way. This DOES cause mutual inductance
and capacitance, but is often ignored in system analysis.
Cables: There are about 3000 miles of underground ac cables in
U.S. Cables are primarily used in urban areas. In a cable the
conductors are tightly spaced, (< 1ft) with oil impregnated
paper commonly used to provide insulation

inductance is lower
capacitance is higher, limiting cable length

28

Additional Transmission topics

Ground

wires: Transmission lines are usually

protected from lightning strikes with a ground wire.
This topmost wire (or wires) helps to attenuate the
transient voltages/currents that arise during a
lighting strike. The ground wire is typically
grounded at each pole.
Corona discharge: Due to high electric fields
around lines, the air molecules become ionized.
This causes a crackling sound and may cause the
line to glow!
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Additional Transmission topics

Shunt conductance: Usually ignored. A small current may
flow through contaminants on insulators.
DC Transmission: Because of the large fixed cost necessary
to convert ac to dc and then back to ac, dc transmission is
only practical for several specialized applications

long distance overhead power transfer (> 400 miles)

long cable power transfer such as underwater
providing an asynchronous means of joining different power
systems (such as the Eastern and Western grids).

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Tree Trimming: Before

31

Tree Trimming: After

32

Transmission Line Models

Previous

lectures have covered how to calculate the

distributed inductance, capacitance and resistance of
transmission lines.
In this section we will use these distributed
parameters to develop the transmission line models
used in power system analysis.

33

Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit

Our current model of a transmission line is shown
below

Units on
z and y are
per unit
length!
For operation at frequency , let z = r + j L
and y = g +jC (with g usually equal 0)
34

Derivation of V, I Relationships

We can then derive the following relationships:

dV I z dx
dI
(V dV ) y dx V y dx
dV ( x)
dI ( x)
zI
yV
dx
dx
35

Setting up a Second Order Equation

dV ( x)
dI ( x)
zI
yV
dx
dx
We can rewrite these two, first order differential
equations as a single second order equation
d 2V ( x)
dI ( x )
z
zyV
2
dx
dx
d 2V ( x)
zyV 0
2
dx
36

V, I Relationships, contd
Define the propagation constant as

yz j
where
the attenuation constant
the phase constant
Use the Laplace Transform to solve. System
has a characteristic equation
( s 2 2 ) ( s )( s ) 0
37

Equation for Voltage

The general equation for V is
V ( x) k1e x k2e x
Which can be rewritten as
e x e x
e x e x
V ( x) (k1 k2 )(
) (k1 k2 )(
)
2
2
Let K1 k1 k2 and K 2 k1 k2 . Then
e x e x
e x e x
V ( x) K1 (
) K2 (
)
2
2
K1 cosh( x) K 2 sinh( x)
38

Real Hyperbolic Functions

For real x the cosh and sinh functions have the
following form:

d cosh( x)
sinh( x)
dx

d sinh( x)
cosh( x)
dx
39

Complex Hyperbolic Functions

For x = + j the cosh and sinh functions have the
following form
cosh x
sinh x

cosh cos j sinh sin

sinh cos j cosh sin

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