The Muscular System

The Muscular System
The word muscle comes from the

Latin word for mouse.
The essential function of muscle
tissue is to contract, or shorten
Muscles are responsible for all body
movement, they are the machines
of the body.
Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy
Muscle types
There are three types of muscle:
Skeletal (striated)
Smooth
Cardiac
Muscles differ in how they are
stimulated, body location, and cell
structure
Muscle types
However: all muscles have some
common features
1.) all muscle cells are elongated,
which is why muscle cells are known
as muscle fibers
2.) The contractile ability of muscle
depends on two types of
myofilaments.
Muscle types
3.) Prefixes myo, mys, and
sarco refer to muscle
Myocardial infarction: heart attack
Sarcoplasm : muscle cell cytoplasm
Skeletal Muscles
Attach to skeleton
Long, spindle shaped, multinucleated
Some skeletal muscles are 30cm (1
foot) in length)
Appear to have stripes, so they are
called striated.
Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal muscles are voluntary
Skeletal muscles can be activated by
reflexes as well
Skeletal muscles are made of soft
tissue, and yet can exert tremendous
force.
How are they prevented from being
ripped apart?
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal muscles are bundled
together by connective tissue which
strength and protection provides
Each muscle fiber is enclosed in
connective tissue called endomysium
Several sheathed muscle fibers are
then wrapped together by a more
coarse connective tissue called
perimysium
Connective Tissue Wrappings of

Skeletal Muscle
Endomysium
around single
muscle fiber
Perimysium
around a fascicle
(bundle) of fibers
8
Figure 6.1
Connective Tissue Wrappings of

Skeletal Muscle
Epimysium
covers the entire
skeletal muscle
Fascia on the
outside of the
epimysium
9
Figure 6.1
Skeletal Muscle Attachments

Epimysium blends into a connective
tissue attachment
Tendon cord-like structure
Aponeuroses sheet-like structure
Sites of muscle attachment

Bones
Cartilages
Connective tissue coverings
10
Skeletal Muscle
The fibers enclosed by the
perimysium form a bundle of fibers
called a fascicle
Many fascilcles are bound together
by a very tough overcoat of
connective tissue called epimysium,
which covers the entire muscle
11
Skeletal muscle
Epimysia merge together to form
cord-like tendons, or sheet-like
aponeuroses
Aponeuroses attach muscles
indirectly to bones, cartilages or
connective tissues to one another
Tendons anchor muscles, and serve
to conserve space
12
13
Skeletal muscles
Muscles can be spindle shaped,
arranged in a fan, and circular
14
Smooth Muscle
Have no striations
Are involuntary
Are found in the walls of hollow,
visceral organs
They change the size and shape of
organs
Are usually arranged in sheets or
layers
15
Smooth Muscle
Characteristics
Has no striations
Spindle-shaped
cells
Single nucleus
Involuntary no
conscious control
Found mainly in
the walls of hollow
organs
Figure16
6.2a
Smooth Muscles
In most cases there are 2 layers;
one arranged circularly, and the
other longitudinally
This arrangement allows for the
movement of material such as food,
waste and urine
Provide slow, sustained contractions
17
Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart
Striated, but involuntary
Fibers arranged in a spiral or figure 8
formation
Contain intercalated discs, which
allow for adjacent cells to rapidly
communicate with each other.
18
Cardiac Muscle
Characteristics
Has striations
Usually has a
single nucleus
Joined to another
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc
Involuntary
Found only in the
heart
Figure19
6.2b
Cardiac Muscle
The arrangement of fibers and
intercalated discs allow heart activity
to be closely coordinated
Heart rate is kept by an internal
pacemaker located within the heart
The heart can be stimulated by the
nervous system when the need
arises
20
Muscle Functions
1.) Produce movement
Skeletal muscles are responsible for
all locomotion
They respond quickly to changes in
the environment
21
Muscle functions
2.) Maintain posture
Skeletal muscles work constantly
against the pull of gravity, making
almost constant adjustments so we
can hold position
22
Muscle functions
3.) Stabilize Joints
Skeletal muscles exert force on the
bones and stabilize joints
Tendons are used to reinforce joints
that have poorly fitted articular
surfaces
23
Muscle functions
4.) Generate heat
Body heat is a by product of muscle
activity.
ATP are used to power muscular
contraction
Skeltal muscles accounts for at least
40% of body mass, therefore,
skeletal muscle is the type most
responsible for heat generation
24
Why I was supposed to pay attention in Chemistry
25
Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Muscle
The plasma membrane surrounding
the muscle fibers is called the
sarcolemma
The cytoplasm of the fibers is packed
with ribbo-like organelles called
myofibrils
26

Muscle
The length of each myofibril has
alternating light (I) and dark (A)
bands
It is the perfect alignment of the
light and dark bands that give the
muscles their striped appearance
The banding pattern provides clues
as to how the muscles work
27

Muscle
Myofibrils are made of tiny
contractile units called sarcomeres
Smaller units within the satcomeres
called myofilaments are responsible
for producing muscle movement
Myofilaments are thread-like proteins
There are 2 types of myofilaments
28

Muscle
Thick filaments = myosin
Thin filaments = actin
Remember them by syllable count
Muscular contraction is produced by
actin fibers sliding over the myosin
fibers
29
Microscopic Anatomy of
Skeletal Muscle
Cells are multinucleate
Nuclei are just beneath the
sarcolemma
Figure30
6.3a
Skeletal Muscle
Sarcolemma specialized plasma
membrane
Sarcoplasmic reticulum specialized
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Figure31
6.3a
Skeletal Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thick filaments = myosin filaments
Composed of the protein myosin
Has ATPase enzymes
Figure32
6.3c
Skeletal Muscle
Organization of the sarcomere
Thin filaments = actin filaments
Composed of the protein actin
Figure33
6.3c
Skeletal Muscle
Myosin filaments have heads
(extensions, or cross bridges)
Myosin and
actin overlap
somewhat
Figure34
6.3d
Skeletal Muscle
At rest, there is a bare zone that
lacks actin filaments
Sarcoplasmic
reticulum
(SR) for
storage of
calcium
Figure35
6.3d
Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Skeletal muscles
must be
stimulated by a
nerve to contract
Motor unit
One neuron
Muscle cells
stimulated by
that neuron
Figure36
6.4a

Neuromuscular junctions
association site of nerve and muscle
Figure37
6.5b

A type of nerve cell called a motor
neuron can stimulate one muscle
cell, or hundreds of them.
Specialized structures of the neuron
called axons form junctions with the
muscle called neuromuscular
junctions
38

A microscopic spaces known as the
synaptic cleft separates the axon
from the muscle fibers
Chemicals known as
neurotransmitters are released into
the synaptic cleft when an impulse
reaches the axonal terminal
39

The neurotransmitters diffuse across
the cleft, attach to the muscle fiber,
and cause a contraction.
Acetylecholine (ACh) is the
neurotransmitter responsible for
stimulating skeletal muscle
ACh changes the permeability of the
muscle cell membrane
40

Na+ rush into the cell interior,
changing the electrical charge, and
generating an action potential.
41
Synaptic cleft
gap between
nerve and muscle
Nerve and muscle

do not make
contact
Area between
nerve and muscle
is filled with
interstitial fluid
Figure42
6.5b
The Sliding Filament Theory of

Muscle Contraction
Activation by nerve
causes myosin heads
(crossbridges) to
attach to binding
sites on the thin
filament
Myosin heads then
bind to the next site
of the thin filament
Figure43
6.7
44

Muscle Contraction
This continued action
causes a sliding of
the myosin along the
actin
The result is that the
muscle is shortened
(contracted)
Figure45
6.7
The Sliding Filament Theory
Figure46
6.8

Muscle Contraction
When muscle fibers have been activated
by the nervous system:
Structures on the myosin filaments attach
to special binding sites located on the
actin filaments
The myosin heads(now attached to the
actin filaments) act like spring loaded
hinges, and pull the thin filaments toward
the center of the sarcomere
47

Muscle Contraction
This attachment, pulling,
detachment, and reattachement
process happens repeatedly and
quickly
These events are driven by ATP, and
the presence of Calcium
The attachment of the cross bridges
depends on Ca +
48

Muscle Contraction
This process takes thousandths of a
second
Acetylcholine is broken down by the
enzyme cholinesterase
This ends the muscle contraction,
and limits the system to one
contraction per impulse
49
Graded responses
Muscle cells respond according to an
all or nothing rule
This states that a muscle cell will
contract to its fullest if stimulated
Muscle cells DO NOT partially
contract
50
Graded responses
Muscles are composed of thousands
of muscle cells, and can therefore
react with a graded response
This means muscles can shorten to
different degrees
This is accomplished in 2 ways
51
Graded responses
1.) Changing the frequency of
muscle stimulation
2.)Changing the number of cells
stimulated
52
Graded responses
Most muscles do not have a chance to
completely relax between nerve impulses
Because of this, the results these rapid
impulses are summed together
This results in a fused, or complete
tetanus
Until that point is reached, the muscles
are in unfused, or incomplete tetanus
53
Types of Graded Responses

Twitch
Single, brief contraction
Not a normal muscle function
Figure54
6.9ab

Tetanus (summing of contractions)
One contraction is immediately followed
by another
The muscle does
not completely
return to a
resting state
The effects
are added
Figure55
6.9ab
Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

Some relaxation occurs between
contractions
The results are summed
56

Fused (complete) tetanus
No evidence of relaxation before the
following contractions
The result is a sustained muscle
contraction
Figure57
6.9cd
Muscle Response to Strong

Stimuli
Muscle force depends upon the
number of fibers stimulated
More fibers contracting results in
greater muscle tension
Muscles can continue to contract
unless they run out of energy
58
Energy for Muscle Contraction

Initially, muscles used stored ATP for
energy
Bonds of ATP are broken to release
energy
Only 4-6 seconds worth of ATP is stored
by muscles
After this initial time, other pathways

must be utilized to produce ATP
59

Direct phosphorylation
Muscle cells contain
creatine phosphate (CP)
CP is a high-energy
molecule
After ATP is depleted, ADP

is left
CP transfers energy to
ADP, to regenerate ATP
CP supplies are exhausted
in about 20 seconds
Figure60
6.10a

Aerobic Respiration
Series of metabolic
pathways that occur in
the mitochondria
Glucose is broken down
to carbon dioxide and
water, releasing energy
This is a slower reaction
that requires continuous
oxygen
Figure61
6.10b

Anaerobic glycolysis
Reaction that breaks
down glucose without
oxygen
Glucose is broken
down to pyruvic acid
to produce some ATP
Pyruvic acid is
converted to lactic acid
Figure62
6.10c

Anaerobic glycolysis
(continued)
This reaction is not as
efficient, but is fast
Huge amounts of
glucose are needed
Lactic acid produces
muscle fatigue
Figure63
6.10c
Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen

Debt
When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to
contract
The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
Oxygen must be repaid to tissue to remove
oxygen debt
Oxygen is required to get rid of accumulated
lactic acid
Increasing acidity (from lactic acid) and

lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract
less
64
Types of Muscle Contractions

Isotonic contractions
Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
The muscle shortens
Isometric contractions
Tension in the muscles increases
The muscle is unable to shorten
65
Muscle Tone
Some fibers are contracted even in a
relaxed muscle
Different fibers contract at different
times to provide muscle tone
The process of stimulating various
fibers is under involuntary control
66
Effects of Exercise on Muscle

Results of increased muscle use
Increase in muscle size
Increase in muscle strength
Increase in muscle efficiency
Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
67

The amount of work done by a
muscle is reflected in changes to that
muscle itself.
Inactivity due to loss of nerve supply,
immobilization, or anything else,
leads to muscle wasting
This loss is known as atrophy
68

Aerobic exercise is endurance
exercise.
This results in stronger, more flexible
muscles, with greater resistance to
fatigue.
These changes are related to
increased blood supply and increased
mitochondrial synthesis, and
increased oxygen storage capacity
69

Aerobic exercise has a profound and
beneficial effect on the overall body
Metabolism is more efficient
Digestion and elimination increase
Coordination increases
The skeleton becomes stronger
70

Aerobic exercise does NOT cause
skeletal muscles to increase in size
Muscle size increases as a result of
resistance ( isotonic ) exercise
Increased muscle size results from
individual muscle cells synthesizing
additional contractile fibers
71
Types of Movement
Every skeletal muscle has at LEAST 2
points of attachment to a bone, or
other connective tissue
The Origin of a muscle is defined as
that part of the muscle attached to
the immovable or less movable bone
The Insertion is defined as that part
of the muscle attached to the more
movable bone
72
Types of Movement
When a muscle contraction occurs,
the insertion ( and the structure it is
attached to ) move toward the origin
This movement is known as the
action of the muscle
73
Muscles and Body

Movements
Movement is
attained due to a
muscle moving an
attached bone
Figure74
6.12
Muscles and Body

Movements
Muscles are
attached to at
least two points
Origin
attachment to a
moveable bone
Insertion
attachment to an
immovable bone
Figure75
6.12
Important Terms Describing Muscle

Movement
Flexion: decreases the angle of a
joint, bringing two bones closer
together
Extension : opposite of flexion,
increases the angle of a joint moving
two bones apart. (angles > 180o is
hyperextension e.g. pointing your
chin to the ceiling)
76

Movement
Abduction: moving a limb away from the
mid-line
Adduction: movement of a limb toward the
mid-line
Rotation: movement of a bone around its
longitudinal axis(shaking your head no)
Circumduction: combines flexion,
extension, abduction and adduction. The
proximal end of the limb is stationary and
the distal end moves in a circle
77

Movement
Pronation: moving the palm of the hand
from an anterior facing to a posterior
facing position(radius and ulna cross)
Supination: the opposite of pronation,
(radius and ulna are parallel)
Inversion:Turning the sole of the foot so it
faces medially
Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot so it
faces laterally
78

Movement
Dorsiflexion: movement of the ankle
that moves the instep dorsally
toward the tibia
Plantar flexion: pointing the toes,
opposite of dorsiflexion
79
Types of Muscles
Because muscles can only contract,
they must be paired(at least) acting
against one another.
When several muscles are working
together to produce a movement,
the muscle that has the major
responsibility for the motion is called
the prime mover.
80
Types of Muscles
Those muscles that oppose, or reverse
this motion are called antagonists.
Synergists: help prime movers by
producing the same motion, or by
reducing undesirable motion.
Fixators: Are specialized synergists.
These muscles stabilize the origin of a
prime mover so that all the tension can be
used to move the insertion bone.
81
Naming of Muscles
Muscles are named based on several
criteria based on structural or functional
characteristics.
Direction of muscles fibers: named in
reference to an imaginary line, usually the
mid-line of the body, or the long axis of a
limb bone.
Rectus (straight): fibers run parallel to the
imaginary line
Oblique (slanted): fibers run slanted or
obliquely to the imaginary line
82
Naming of Muscles
Relative size: maximus (largest);
minimus(smallest); longus(long) e.g
gluteus maximus, the largest of the
gluteus muscle group
Location of muscle: muscles named
for the bone they are associated
with. (e.g. temporalis, frontalis)
83
Naming of Muscles
Number of origins: biceps, triceps or
quadraceps , mean 2,3, or 4 origins
respectively.
Location of origin and insertion: muscles
can be named for their attachment sites.
For example, sternocleidomastoid
(sterno:sternum;cleido:clavicle;mastoid,
mastoid process of temporal bone)
84
Naming of Muscles
Shape of muscle: deltoid, triagular
muscle that caps the shoulder.
Action of muscle: terms such as
flexor, extensor, adductor appearing
in muscle names describe the action.
85
Naming of Muscles
Arrangement of Fascicles:
Fascicle arrangements vary,
producing muscles with different
structures and properties:
Circular : fascicles are arranged in
concentric rings.
Usually found surrounding body
openings(sphincters)
86
Naming of Muscles
Convergent: the fascicles converge
toward a single insertion
tendon(pectoralis major)
Parallel: the length of the fascicles
run parallel to the long axis of the
muscle.
These are strap-like muscles.
A modification of parallel
arrangement is called fusiform.
87
Naming of Muscles
Fusiform : spindle shaped muscle
with expanded belly.( biceps brachii)
Pennate : feather patternShort
fascicles attach obliquely to a central
tendon.(extensor digitorum longus)
If the fascicles insert into only one
side of the tendon, the muscle is
unipennate
88
Naming of Muscles
If the fascicles insert into opposite sides of
the tendon or from several different sides
the muscle is bipennate, or multipennate.
A muscles fascicle arragnement
determines its range of motion and power.
The longer and more parallel the fascicles
are to the long axis, the more the muscle
can shorten.
89
Naming of Muscles
Such muscles are not usually
powerful.
Muscle power depends on the total
number of muscle cells in the
muscle.
Bipennate muscles shorten very
little, but are very powerful
90
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

There are 700 + muscles in the
human body
We will discuss important muscles,
and the superficial skeletal muscles
The best approach is to study
muscles in logical groupings
91
Muscles of the head and neck

Frontalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Orbicularis Oris
Buccinator
Zygomaticus
Muscles Used for Chewing::
Masseter
Temporalis
92
Head and Neck Muscles
Figure93
6.15
Neck Muscles
Platysma
Sternocleidomastoid
94
Trunk Muscles
Anterior::
Pectoralis major
Intercostal muscles
Muscles of the Abdominal Girdle::
Rectus abdominus
External Oblique
Internal Oblique
Transversus abdominus
95
Trunk Muscles
Figure96
6.16
Superficial Muscles: Anterior
Figure97
6.21
Superficial Muscles: Posterior
Figure98
6.22
Muscles of the Lower Leg
Figure99
6.20
Muscles of the Pelvis, Hip,

and Thigh
100
Figure
6.19c
Deep Trunk and Arm Muscles
101
Figure
6.17
Head and Neck Muscles
102
Figure
6.15

The Muscular System

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The Muscular System

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The Muscular System

The word muscle comes from the

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Connective Tissue Wrappings of

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Connective Tissue Wrappings of

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Skeletal Muscle Attachments

Sites of muscle attachment

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Why I was supposed to pay attention in Chemistry

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Nerve Stimulus to Muscles

Nerve and muscle

The Sliding Filament Theory of

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

The Sliding Filament Theory of

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

The Sliding Filament Theory

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

The Sliding Filament Theory of

The Sliding Filament Theory of

The Sliding Filament Theory of

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Types of Graded Responses

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Types of Graded Responses

Unfused (incomplete) tetanus

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Types of Graded Responses

Imburgia Trk 2 Anatomy

Muscle Response to Strong