Chapter 10 Blood Power Point

Chapter 10:
Blood
Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function
Chapter Objectives
Overview of Blood
List five functions of blood, and list the blood component
related to each function. Be as specific as possible.
Name the three types of plasma proteins and roles of each.
Leukocytes Inflammation and Immunity
Classify leukocytes based on their appearance and function.
Compare and contrast acute inflammation, chronic
inflammation, parasitic inflammation, and allergies, and list
the cells involved in each.
Chapter Objectives (contd)

Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport
List three physical characteristics of red blood cells and
explain the functional implications of each characteristic.
Describe the structure and function of hemoglobin.
Describe the life cycle of a red blood cell.
Discuss the diagnosis and possible causes of anemia.
Discuss the pathway that results in increased red blood cell
production in individuals living at high altitudes.

Platelets
Describe the regulation and mechanism of platelet synthesis
and the problems associated with thrombocyptopenia.
Hemostasis
Use diagrams to explain the three steps of hemostasis.
Use flowcharts to illustrate the tissue factor pathway, contact
activation pathway, and common pathway of blood clotting,
and explain how two different anticoagulants work.
List three differences between coagulation and thrombosis.

Blood Groups and Transfusion
Determine which blood group can be transfused into patients
with A, B, O, or AB blood, and explain why aggultination
reactions occur.
Bone Marrow Failure: The Case of Eleanor B.
Use the case study to explain the central role of bone
marrow in blood cell production and to discuss the roles of
erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes.
Overview of Blood (to know for test)

Blood is classified as connective tissue, but it has properties that
make it different from other tissues.
Blood cells are in continuous motion.
Life span is a few hours to a few months
Blood is red if well oxgenated and reddish-blue when it needs
reoxygenated,
Blood is thicker than water
Back to chapter objectives
Overview of Blood (contd) (to know)

Properties of blood
Slightly alkaline pH about 7.40
Accounts for about 7% of body weight
Blood has five main functions
Transport
Hydraulic force
Defense
Heat transfer
Prevention of blood loss
Overview of Blood (contd) ( to know )

Blood is Composed of Plasma and Cellular Elements
Whole blood is the extracellular matrix called plasma and the
solid cellular elements
What you see in a centrifuge (from top to bottom):
Plasma the liquid part of blood that accounts for 55% of blood
volume.
Buffy coat contains white blood cells and platelets
Red blood cells about 45% of blood volume, referred to as the
hematocrit
Overview of Blood (contd) (to know )

Plasma Contains Water and Solutes
Plasma is about 90% water and 9% specialized proteins.
Three types of plasma proteins
Albumin about 55% of all plasma proteins; holds water in the blood and draws
water across the blood vessel wall from tissues into the bloodstream; also acts as
a binding protein.
Fibrinogen about 5%; involved in blood clotting
Globulins specialized binding (transport proteins), enzymes, protein hormones,
and clotting factors
Transfering (to look in book)
Gama Globulins (look in the book)
Overview of Blood (contd) (to know for test)

Plasma Solutes
Glucose
Cholesterol and other lipids
Vitamins and other essential compounds
Calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, and other minerals
Metabolic wastes
Dissolved gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide
Overview of Blood (contd)

Blood Components
Overview of Blood (contd) (to know)

Cellular Elements are Produced in the Bone Marrow
Generation of blood cells is called hematopoiesis
All blood cells arise from pluripotent hematopoietic stem
cell; gives rise to two other specialized stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells
Myeloid stem cells
About 25% of bone marrow is composed of developing red
cells; the remaining 75% consists of developing white cells.
Overview of Blood (contd)

Hematopoiesis
Overview of Blood (Review)

True or false: Blood, like cartilage, is classified as connective
tissue.
Overview of Blood (Review)

Answer: true
Leukocytes Inflammation and Immunity (to know)

Introduction
Leukocytes defend the body against infections, airborne
particulate matter, and newly hatched tumor cells.
Also clean up dead cells, and debris, and assist with
repair
Have amoeba-like movement that is called diapedsis
Only formed elements that are complete cells
Leukocytes, Inflammation, and Immunity (contd)

(to know page 383)
Cellular Elements of Blood

Leukocyte production (leukopoesis) depends on cell-to-cell
signaling by cytokines
WBC-to-WBC cytokines are called interleukins.
Three types of leukocytes
Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

(to know)
Granulocytes
Have irregularly-shaped nucleus and abundant cytoplasm
containing large cytoplasmic granules
Actively mobile cells that defend the body against bacteria and
other threats.
Further classified according to color of cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils phagocytize and digest bacteria
Eosinophils release packets of enzymes that destroy
parasites and neutralize offending agents in allergic reactions

(to know)
Lymphocytes
30% of all WBCs
Also found in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow
Defend against external threats
Monocytes
Develop into macrophages
Ingest microbes and foreign material

(to know for test)
Leukocytes are Involved in Inflammation

Inflammation is the bodys collective cellular and vascular response to injury.
Acute inflammation
Result of short-term, intense injury; persists for hours or days.
Chronic inflammation
The result of longer-term, less intense injury; can persist for weeks or
years
Intermediate inflammation
Hay fever is an example

(to know for test)
Infection is a Risk with Low Numbers of Leukocytes

Low leukocyte count is called leukopenia
Neutropenia is a low neutrophil count
Example of disease marked by low lymphocyte count is AIDS.
Leukemia is malignant growth of any type of leukocyte, including
lymphocytes, in which malignant leukocytes are present in the
blood.
Lymphoma is malignant growth of lymphocytes when no
malignant cells are detectable in the blood
Leukocytes, Inflammation, and Immunity (Review)

Rank the following leukocytes from the most abundant to the
least abundant: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, neutrophils,
monocytes.
Leukocytes, Inflammation, and Immunity (Review)

Answer: neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils,
basophils
Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport (to know)

Introduction
Erythrocytes are workhorse transportation cells their major
task is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Most abundant cellular element in blood
A microliter of blood contains 5 million RBCs (called the
RBC count)
Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport (contd) (to

know)
Erythrocyte Form Contributes to Function
No nuclei
Few cytoplasmic organelles
Low rate of metabolism
Shaped like flattened, biconcave disc
Flexible
Erythrocytes and Osygen Transport (contd)

Physical Characteristics of RBCs

know)
Oxygen is Bound to Hemoglobin

Effectiveness of oxygen transport is directly proportional to the
number of erythrocytes and the amount of hemoglobin they contain.
Hemoglobin is a large iron-containing molecule that binds oxygen
and carbon dioxide and completely fills the RBCs cytoplasm.
Each molecule of hemoglobin contains four folded chains of
globin and four molecules of heme, each of which contains an
iron ion.
To know type of hemoglobin page 388 last paragraph.

know)
The Erythrocyte Life Cycle Spans 120 Days

1. RBC building blocks are absorbed from food.
2. Reticulocytes are released from bone marrow into the blood and mature into
erythrocytes.
3. RBCs survive about 120 days in the bloodstream
4. Macrophages in spleen, liver, an bone marrow phagocytize old RBCs
5. Transferrin transports iron from heme to storage sites in the bone marrow. The
rest is converted into bilirubin
6. The liver excretes bilirubin in bile, to be expelled in feces.
7. To know page 388 (The erythrocyte life cycle spans 120 days)
Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport (contd)

Erythrocyte Life Cycle
Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport (contd) ( to

know for test) page 389
Erythropoietin Stimulates Erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a protein hormone produced by the
kidneys.
EPO is not stored; its production is regulated in a classic
negative feedback loop based on the availability of
oxygen.
People who live at high altitude have higher RBC counts
than those who live at lower altitudes.

Erythropoietin Stimulates Erythropoiesis

know for test)
Anemia is Too Little Hemoglobin in the Blood

Anemia is the manifestation of three basic conditions:
Too few erythrocytes in the blood
Size of the erythrocyte is too small
Concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte is too low

know for test) page 390
Anemia is not a disease; it is a sign.

Hemolytic anemia abnormally rapid destruction of RBCs
Examples: sickle cell anemia, malaria
Hemorrhagic anemia bleeding
Example: undetected intestinal bleeding
Production failure anemia impaired production of new RBCs
or failure to produce enough hemoglobin in them
Example: iron deficiency anemia

Polycythemia is Too Many RBCs
Most common cause is dehydration; dehydration reduces
plasma volume, resulting in a high hematocrit.
Some people who live at high altitudes have absolute
polycythemia, which is a normal adaptation to their living
conditions.
Polycythemia vera is an uncontrolled malignant proliferation
of primitive erythrocyte precursor cells in the bone marrow.

A. Hematocrit Disorders
B. Sickle Cell Anemia
Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport (Review)

What is the difference between a reticulocyte and an erythrocyte?
Erythrocytes and Oxygen Transport (Review)

Answer: Reticulocytes are immature erythrocytes that have some
cytoplasmic RNA and ribosomes.
Platelets (to know 392)

Platelets are fragments of cytoplasm wrapped in cell membrane.
Have no nuclei
Only live 1 week.
Produced by very large bone marrow cells called megakaryocytes
A microliter of blood contains 200,000 500,000 platelets.
Production of platelets (thrombopoiesis) is governed by the hormone
thrombopoietin (TPO), which is manufactured by the liver and kidneys.
Live for about a week
Abnormally low number of platelets is called thrombocytopenia
Platelets (contd)
Thrombopoiesis
Platelets (Review)
Name two cellular components of blood that do not have DNA.
Platelets (Review)
Answer: platelets and red blood cells
Hemostasis (to know, page 393)

Collective name for a group of activities that together prevent or
stop bleeding
Sudden blood loss has two ill effects
Loss of RBCs results in reduced oxygen transport
capacity
Loss of blood volume results in low blood flow to tissues.
Gradual blood loss is less dramatic because plasma can
replace some lost blood volume in less than a day.
Hemostasis (contd) (to know)

Hemostasis has three components:
Vasoconstriction
Formation of platelet plug
Coagulation

Vasoconstriction
When blood vessel is broken, damaged endothelial cells
release chemical signals (paracrine factors).
Paracrine factors, along with reflex autonomic nerve signals
stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the vessel wall.
Hemostasis (contd)
Formation of platelet plug
When blood vessel is broken, blood cells and plasma leave
the vascular space and come into contact with collagen in
connective tissue surrounding the blood vessel.
Platelets stick to the collagen and aggregate to form a platelet
plug.
Platelets in the plug release signals that stimulate further
blood vessel contraction, attract additional platelets, and
accelerate coagulation.
Hemostasis (contd) (to know, page 395)

Coagulation
Coagulation is a chain of events that produces a clot.
A clot is a gel-like semi-solid web of fibrin filaments,
platelets, and trapped blood cells.
Fibrin is a long filamentous protein created by
polymerization of fibrinogen.
Hemostasis (contd)
Steps of Hemostasis

Coagulation
Coagulation is the result of interactions among 50 blood
coagulation factors, most of which circulate in plasma.
Most coagulation factors are proteins made by the liver.
Most coagulation factors interact in pathways
Tissue factor pathway
Contact activation pathway
Common pathway
Hemostasis (contd)
Tissue factor pathway
Initiated when extravascular tissue or fluid are exposed to
plasma.
Cell membrane of extravascular cells contains a protein
called tissue factor, which initiates clotting when it comes
into contact with plasma.
Tissue factor activates factor VII, which activates the
common pathway

Contact activation pathway
Most often initiated by contact with foreign material
Initiated when plasma factor XII comes into contact with a
foreign substance
Some chemical reactions require calcium, which also acts as
a clotting factor (factor VII).
This pathway takes a few minutes to produce a clot.

Common pathway
Begins with activation of thrombokinase (factor X), an
enzyme that converts prothrombin (factor II) into thrombin.
Thrombin acts on fibrinogen (factor I) to convert it into a
weave of fibrin that forms the clot.
Clotting is a rapid homeostatic process that normally occurs
outside the vascular space.
In some pathological circumstances, blood clots inside
vessels even when no hemorrhage is occurring.
Hemostasis (contd)
Coagulation Pathway
Hemostasis (contd) (to know, page 395)

Plasmin Dissolves Clots
As the body regenerates new tissue or scar tissue, the clot
slowly dissolves.
Plasmin is a blood protein that digests the fibrin holding the
clot together.
Thrombin promotes clot dissolution by stimulating plasmin
production.
As clot contracts, a fluid called serum is expressed.
Hemostasis (contd) (page 397)

Anticoagulants Prevent Coagulation
Normally, circulating coagulants prevent clot formation.
When an injury occurs, natural anticoagulants are released at the
site that restrict clotting to the locality of the injury and
hemorrhage.
Some pharmaceutical anticoagulants are frequently administered
as therapeutic drugs.
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Aspirin
Hemostasis (contd) ( to know)

Coagulation and Thrombosis Differ
A thrombus is an abnormal, localized intravascular collection
of platelets and blood cells, but it is not a clot.
A thrombus forms inside a blood vessel at a point where the
vessel lining is injured; platelets begin to stick to the site, then
WBCs start to stick, etc.
A thrombus has a visible internal architecture that is different
from a blood clot.
Hemostasis (Review)
Which element is a clotting factor calcium or iron?
Hemostasis (Review)
Answer: calcium
Blood Groups and Transfusion (to know, page

400)
Transfusion traits are due to antigens and antibodies.

An antigen is a molecule capable of provoking a defensive
reaction by the immune system.
An antibody is a specialized blood protein generated
specifically to mount an attack against an antigen.
Persons possessing a certain RBC antigen are said to belong to
a certain blood group (or blood type).
WBCs and platelets also have surface antigens, but they are of
little importance in most blood transfusions.
Blood Groups and Transfusion (contd) (to know)

Rh group
Named after its discovery in rhesus monkeys
Eight antigens; only antigen D is important
80% of Americans have Rh D on their RBCs and are said
to be Rh-positive.
Those without the antigen are said to be Rh-negative
Blood Groups and Transfusion (contd)

Every person in early life develops antibodies against the A and B
antigens not present in their own blood:
Plasma of type A blood contains anti-B antibodies
Plasma of type B blood contains anti-A antibodies
Plasma of type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B
antibodies
Plasma of type AB blood has neither anti-A nor anti-B
antibodies

Agglutination Reveals Blood Types
In the presence of antigens they are designed to attack,
antibodies attach to the antigens on the surface of RBCs and
bind them together.
This is called agglutination.
This is very serious when it happens in a persons
bloodstream, but this is also how blood typing is performed
on blood samples.

Common Blood Groups

Cross Matching
Blood Groups and Transfusion (Review)

If a person has anti-A antibodies and Rh antibodies, what is his or
her blood group?
Blood Groups and Transfusion (Review)

Answer: B negative

Eleanor died of bone marrow failure breast cancer spread to
her bones and replaced most of her bone marrow.
At the time of her death, every one of her major cell lines was
affected.
Leukocytes total white blood cell count was very low.
From the time of her initial emergency room visit until
her death, she required treatment for pneumonia, skin
infections, and recurrent diarrhea.

(contd)
Platelets during initial hospitalization, she had a severe
nosebleed and tiny skin hemorrhages (petechiae).
On final admission, thrombocytopenia and bleeding
esophageal ulcer combined to produce an acute esophageal
hemorrhage.
Erythrocytes severely anemic on first hospitalization, reflecting
the failure of marrow production even before the nosebleed
occurred.

(contd)

(Review)
Eleanor is confused because her brain is not getting enough
oxygen. In addition to her low blood pressure, can you think of a
second reason?

(Review)
Answer: Because she is anemic, she lacks enough oxygen to
supply her brain with sufficient oxygen to function normally.

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Chapter 10:

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Chapter Objectives (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (to know for test)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd) (to know)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd) ( to know )

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd) (to know )

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd) (to know for test)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd) (to know)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (Review)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Overview of Blood (Review)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Leukocytes Inflammation and Immunity (to know)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Leukocytes, Inflammation, and Immunity (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Back to chapter objectives

McConnell and Hull: Human Form and Human Function

Leukocytes, Inflammation, and Immunity (contd)

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins