THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

Dyah Purnaning

ANATOMY DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

Consists of two semi-independent parts
1.A meandering network of lymphatic
vessels
2.Lymphoid
tissues
and
organs
scattered throughout the body

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

includes :
lymph
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules
lymph nodes
tonsils
spleen
thymus

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

Functions
1.helps to maintain fluid balance in tissues
2.absorb fats from the digestive tract
3.part of the bodys defense system
against microorganisms and other
harmful substances.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

1. Fluid balance
Approximately 30 L of fluid pass from the
blood capillaries into the interstitial fluid each
day.
Only 27 L pass from the interstitial fluid
back into the blood Capillaries.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

The 3 L of fluid enters the lymphatic
capillaries the fluid is called lymph
passes through the lymphatic vessels
back to the blood

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

2. Fat absorption.
The lymphatic system absorbs fats and
other substances from the digestive tract.
Special lymphatic vessels called
lacteals are located in the lining of the
small intestine (villus).

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

Fat absorption.

Fats enter the lacteals and pass through

the lymphatic vessels to the venous
circulation.
The lymph passing through these lymphatic
vessels has a milky appearance because of
its fat content and is called chyle

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

3. Body`s Defense.
Microorganisms
and
other
foreign
substances are filtered from lymph by
lymph nodes and from blood by the
spleen.

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

In addition to water, LYMPH contains
solutes derived from two sources:
(1)substances in plasma, such as ions,
nutrients, gases, and some proteins that
pass from blood capillaries into the
interstitial fluid
(2)substances derived from cells, such as
hormones, enzymes, and waste products

THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

Main structures of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic vessels collect tissue fluid

from loose connective tissue Carry fluid
to great veins in the neck Fluid flows
only toward the heart

LYMPHATIC VESSELS

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
FUNCTIONS
Collect excess tissue fluid and blood
proteins
Return tissue fluid and blood proteins to
bloodstream

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Lymph capillaries
Smallest lymph vessels, first to receive lymph
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Collect from lymph capillaries
Lymph nodes
Scattered along collecting vessels
Lymph trunks
Collect lymph from collecting vessels
Lymph ducts
Empty into veins of the neck

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
Lymph capillaries
Smallest lymph vessels (dead-end tubes)
Located near blood capillaries
First to receive lymph
Lymphatic capillaries are in almost all tissues of
the body.
Except :The central nervous system, The bone
marrow, Tissues without blood vessels such as
cartilage, epidermis, and the cornea.
Lacteals specialized lymphatic capillaries,
Located in the villi of the small intestines (Receive
digested fats Fatty lymph /chyle)

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
Location and Structure of Lymphatic Capillaries

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
Lymphatic capillaries differ from blood
capillaries :
1.Lymphatic capillaries lack a basement
membrane
2.The cells of the simple squamous
epithelium slightly overlap and are
attached loosely to one another

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
Two things occur as a result of this
structure.
1.First, the lymphatic capillaries are far
more permeable than blood capillaries,
and nothing in the interstitial fluid is
excluded from the lymphatic capillaries
Highly permeability allows entrance of
Tissue fluid, Bacteria, viruses, and
cancer cells

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
2.Second,
the
lymphatic
capillary
epithelium functions as a series of oneway valves that allow fluid to enter the
capillary but prevent it from passing back
into the interstitial spaces.

LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
Location and Structure of Lymphatic Capillaries

LYMPHATIC COLLECTING VESSELS

Accompany blood vessels
Composed of the same three tunics as
blood vessels
1)The inner layer of the lymphatic vessel
consists of endothelium surrounded by
an elastic membrane
2)The middle layer consists of smooth
muscle cells and elastic fibers
3)The outer layer is a thin layer of fibrous
connective tissue.

LYMPHATIC COLLECTING
VESSELS
To helps direct the flow of blood
Contain more valves than veins do
Lymph propelled by
Bulging of skeletal muscles
Pulsing of nearby arteries
Tunica media of the lymph vessels

LYMPH NODES
Cleanse the lymph of pathogens
Human body contains around 500
Lymph nodes are organized in
clusters

LYMPH NODES
FUNCTIONS
filter the lymph preventing the spread of
microorganisms and toxins that enter
interstitial fluids.
destroy bacteria, toxins, and particulate
matter through the phagocytic action of
macrophages.
produce antibodies through the activity of B
cells.

LYMPH NODES
Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node
Fibrous capsule surrounds lymph nodes
Trabeculae connective tissue strands
Lymph vessels
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Efferent lymphatic vessels

LYMPH NODES

LYMPH NODES

LYMPH TRUNKS
Lymphatic collecting vessels converge
(after passing the lymph nodes)

LYMPH TRUNKS
Five major lymph trunks
1. Lumbar trunk
Receives lymph from lower limbs, pelvic and
abdominal walls, pelvic organs, ovaries or testes,
kidneys, and adrenal glands
2. Intestinal trunk
Receives chyle from digestive organs (stomach,
pancreas, spleen, and liver)
3. Bronchomediastinal trunks
Collects lymph from thoracic viscera (thoracic organs
and the deep thoracic wall)

LYMPH TRUNKS
Five major lymph trunks cont

4. Subclavian trunks
Receive lymph from upper limbs, superficial
thoracic wall, and mammary glands

5. Jugular trunks
Drain lymph from the head and neck

LYMPH TRUNKS

LYMPH DUCTS
The lymphatic trunks connect to large veins
in the thorax or join to yet larger vessels
called lymphatic ducts.

LYMPH DUCTS
Cisterna chyli
Located at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks

Thoracic duct
Ascends along vertebral bodies
Empties into venous circulation
Junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins
Drains three quarters of the body

Right lymphatic duct

Empties into right internal jugular and subclavian veins

LYMPH DUCTS
Lymphatic ducts then connect to the large
veins
The connections of the lymphatic trunks
and ducts to veins are quite variable Many
connect at the junction of the internal jugular
and subclavian veins, but connections on the
subclavian, jugular, and even brachiocephalic
vein exist.

LYMPH DUCTS

LYMPH DUCTS
On the right side, the jugular, subclavian, and
bronchomediastinal trunks typically join a thoracic vein
separately.
About 20% of the time, the three trunks join together to
form a short duct 1 cm in length called the right lymphatic
duct which joins a thoracic vein
These trunks drain the right side of the head, rightupper limb, and right thorax
The right side of the body inferior to the thorax and the
entire left side of the body mostly drain through the thoracic
duct

LYMPH DUCTS

Overview of the Lymph Nodes,

Trunks, and Ducts

DISORDERS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS
Chylothorax
- Leakage of fatty lymph into the thorax
Lymphadenitis
- is an inflammation of the lymph nodes, which
causes them to become enlarged and tender. This
inflammation is an indication that microorganisms
are being trapped and destroyed within the lymph
nodes
Lymphangitis
- Inflammation of a lymph vessel

DISORDERS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS
Lymphoma
- is a neoplasm (tumor) of lymphatic tissue
- typically, lymphomas begin as an enlarged,
painless mass of lymph nodes. The immune
system is depressed, and the patient has an
increased susceptibility to infections.
1. Hodgkins
2. Non-Hodgkins

DISORDERS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS
Elephantiasis
is caused by long, slender roundworms (Wuchereria
bancrofti).
The adult worms lodge in the lymphatic vessels and
block lymph flow. The resulting accumulation of fluid
in the interstitial spaces and lymphatic vessels can
cause permanent swelling and enlargement of a
limb.

SELAMAT
BELAJAR
(^_^)