MOLLIER

DIAGRAM
Prepared By:
Sumit Khachane

About the Mollier Chart

Diagram
The Mollier chart is also known as H-S or H-X

diagram or enthalpy pressure diagram. Where the

letter H stands for enthalpy and the X or S for the
relative water vapor fraction. The graph is bound by
the line where complete saturation of air with water
is achieved. On this line, the saturation line, air
contains the maximum amount of water. In this
situation the percentage of relative humidity equals
100%. The Mollier diagram is a graphical
representation of 3 components: Firstly, the
enthalpy H, as illustrated in "Heat-content". In the
Mollier diagram, to be read in the example below,
the enthalpy is shown in h(kJ / kg). Secondly, the
water content of air. This is shown in the form of the
moisture content x [g / kg] at the upper side of the

Details
On the diagram, lines of constant pressure, constant

temperature and volume are plotted, so in a twophase region, the lines of constant pressure and
temperature coincide.
Thework doneonvapor cyclesis represented by
length, so it can be measured directly.
Lines of constantdryness fraction , sometimes
called thequalityof the steam, are drawn in the wet
region and lines of constant temperature are drawn
in the superheated region.
In general such charts do not show the values
ofspecific volumes, nor do they show the enthalpies
of saturated water at pressures which are of the
order of those experienced in condensers in

Dew Point
The Dew Point is the temperature at which water vapor

starts to condense out of the air, the temperature at

which air becomes completely saturated. Above this
temperature the moisture will stay in the air.
If the dew-point temperature is close to the air
temperature, the relative humidity is high, and if the
dew point is well below the air temperature, the
relative humidity is low.
The Dew Point temperature can be measured by filling
a metal can with water and ice cubes. Stir by a
thermometer and watch the outside of the can. When
the vapor in the air starts to condensate on the outside
of the can, the temperature on the thermometer is
pretty close to the dew point of the actual air.
The dew point temperature can be read by following a

Dry-Bulb Temperature
Thedry-bulb temperature(DBT) is

thetemperatureof air measured by a thermometer

freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation
and moisture. DBT is thetemperaturethat is usually
thought of as air temperature, and it is the true
thermodynamictemperature.
Dry bulb temperature is usually referred to as air
temperature, is the air property that is most
common used. When people refer to the
temperature of the air, they are normally referring
to its dry bulb temperature. Dry-bulb temperature Tdb, can be measured by using a normal
thermometer. The dry-bulb temperature is an
indicator of heat content and is shown along the left
axis of the Mollier diagram. The horizontal lines

Wet-Bulb Temperature
Thewet-bulb temperatureis thetemperaturea

parcel of air would have if it were cooled to

saturation (100% relative humidity) by the
evaporation of water into it, with the latent heat
being supplied by the parcel. Awetbulbthermometer indicates atemperatureclose to
the true (thermodynamic)temperature.
Wet bulb temperature is associated with the
moisture content of the air. Wet bulb temperature
can be measured with a thermometer that has the
bulb covered with a water-moistened bandage with
air flowing over the thermometer. Wet bulb
temperatures are always lower than dry bulb
temperatures but they will be identical with 100%
relative humidity in the air (the air is at the

Heating of air

Cooling and Dehumidifying air

Mixing of air of different

condition

Humidifying, Adding steam or

water

Psychometr
ic chart
The psychometric
chart is a variant of
the Mollier diagram
used in some parts
of the world.

Application and Usage

It can be used in practical applications such

asmalting, to represent the grain-air-moisture

system.
The underlying property data for the Mollier
diagram is identical to apsychrometric chart. At
first inspection, there may appear little
resemblance between the charts, but if the user
rotates a chart ninety degrees and looks at it in a
mirror, the resemblance is apparent.
The Mollier diagram coordinates are
enthalpyhand humidity ratiox. The enthalpy
coordinate isskewedand the constant enthalpy
lines are parallel and evenly spaced.
The Mollier diagram is preferred by many users in

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