Sig Tran

NGN_B_P02_E1
NGN Basic Theory
SIGTRAN Protocol
V03
ZTE University
NGN Course Team
ZTE University
TheinformationcontainedinthefileissolelypropertyofZTEcorporation.Anykindofdisclosingwithoutpermissionisprohibited.
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1
Objectives
Upon the completion of this chapter, you
will be able to:
Understand the history and components of
SIGTRAN protocol stack
Understand the concept of SCTP
Understand the concept of M3UA
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Agenda:
SIGTRAN Protocol Suite
SCTP Protocol
M3UA Protocol
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3
Part1
SIGTRAN protocol Suite
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4
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you
should be able to:
Understand the function of SIGTRAN protocol
suite
Understand the structure of SIGTRAN protocol
suite
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5
SS7 over TDM

Reference Point
Reliable
Secure
Achieved by
Redundancy no single point failure

Fault-tolerant network
Dedicated circuit (regardless of usage)
Physical separate overlay network
Mature technology
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Yesterday and Today

Yesterday
MSC
SS7 link
STP
Today
MSC
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IP network requirements
Good quality network in place or available
VPN or firewall solutions for security
QoS for time-critical SS7 messages
SS7 for standard voice call (ISUP) is a timecritical application
Ensure sufficient bandwidth available for SS7
Public internet not recommended for SS7 over
IP
Reliable?
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8
Reliable Protocols - Sigtran

SCTP
provides reliable transport mechanism
SIGTRAN
adaptation and peer protocols

specifically designed to handle ss7 stack
over IP
M3UA
TCAP
M2UA
TUP/ISUP
SCCP
M2PA
SUA
MTP3
SUA
IUA
M3UA
M2UA M2PA
ISDN
IUA
SCTP
IP
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Structure of SIGTRAN
Transportation layer
SCTP is adopted provide reliable
information transportation over IP
network.
User adaption
layer
Here are many adapting modules,

provide the software interfaces for the
different upper modules of SS7 ,and
encapsulate the signaling of upper layer in SCTP .
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Position of Sigtran in
ZTE Softswitch
SCN
SCN
SIGTRAN
Media
stream
RTP
stream
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Media
stream
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11
Part2
SCTP Protocol
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Objectives
should be able to:
Understand the concept of SCTP
Understand the message of SCTP
Understand the communication flow of SCTP
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13
The development of SCTP
UDP
TCP
SCTP
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USCTP
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SCTP in SIGTRAN
TCAP
TUP/ISUP
M3UA
SCCP
MTP3
M2UA
ISDN
M2PA
SUA
IUA
SCTP
IP
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Motivation for SCTP

Telephone users want/need access to internet
VOIP:cheap local calls + cheap long distance IP transport
Want
to reduce additional infrastructure costs
Combine circuit-switched telephone signaling networks
(PSTN) and packet-switched IP-based networks

Need gateways between different technologies
Need
to establish,monitor and terminate calls
Signaling more delay sensitive, best effort is not
QoS
Need a general-purpose reliable transport protocol for

message-oriented applications to carry data and voice
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Motivation for a new protocol

Byte-stream
Oriented
No application specific
Control of protocol
parameters
Strict order or
Transmission control
TCP
Limitations
Limited scope of
TCP socket
Vulnerable for
DoS attack
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Motivation for a new protocol
Unreliable
No congestion control
No acknowledgement
UDP
Limitations
Multi-casting adds
Unnecessary traffic
too many
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What does SCTP offer?
Network-level fault
tolerance
Flow control and

Congestion avoidance
SCTP
Advantages
Protection against
flooding
Protection against
attacks
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Definations in SCTP
SCTP End Point: Identified by IP
+port, just like TCP
Association (SCTP link ):A logic
connection set up through 4-way
hand shake, C/S mode.
Stream: there could be multi
streams in one Association. Stream
is a logic channel from one point
to another point.
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SCTP packet structure

Source Port Number
Destination Port Number
Common Header
Verification Tag
Chunk #1
Packet Checksum
Chunk Type
Chunk Flags
Chunk Length
Chunk Value (Data/Parameter)
Chunk #n
xx Type = 0
U
unordered
beginning of
fragments
E
Ending fragments
xx
if unknown,then
U B E
Chunk Length
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN)

Stream Identifier S
Stream Sequence Nbr. n
Payload protocol identifier

Payload Data (seq n of stream S)
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SCTP data transport flow
7 8
EndpointB
EndpointA
DATA
SACK
TSN ACK=6 ,GAP BLOCK =1

START =2 END = 3
Different color stands for different stream

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SCTP data transport flow

EndpointA 7
10
11
12 13
EndpointB
DATA
SACK
TSN ACK=13 ,GAP BLOCK =0
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SCTP message packet (1)
Payload Data ( DATA )

Initiation INIT
Initiation Acknowledgement INIT ACK
Selective Acknowledge SACK
Heartbeat Request HEARTBEAT
Heartbeat Acknowledge HEARTBEAT ACK
Abort Association ABORT
Shutdown Association SHUTDOWN
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SCTP message packet (2)
Shutdown Acknowledge SHUTDOWN ACK

Shutdown Complete SHUTDOWN COMPLETE
Operation Error ERROR
State Cookie COOKIE ECHO
Cookie Acknowledge COOKIE ACK
Other Reserved
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Security of SCTP
The theory of DoS Attack:
The basic Dos attack is to occupy service
resource as more as possible by normal service
request, so that the normal user can not get
response.
To avoid being attacked, SCTP adopt :tag, cookie
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TCP start up flow

EndpointA
SYN seq=x
EndpointB
SYN seq=y ACK x+1

ACK y+1
SYN Flooding: the client sends out a lot of SYN message, and the
server can not get the ACK (the third message ) after it sends out SYN
+ACK (the second message ).The three-way handshake can not be finished, so
the server will use much memory resource for the half-connection, and send
SYN +ACK again and again.
In this example ,the client use a phony IP address.
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Association Initiation
Create TCB
Send INIT
Start init-timer
Cookie wait
Receive INIT
Create Cookie
Send INIT-ACK
Start cookie-timer
Receive ACK
Stop init timer
Send Cookie-Echo
Start cookie-timer
Close
Cookie-Echoed
Receive Cookie-Echo
Stop cookie timer
Create TCB
Send Cookie-ACK
Receive Cookie-ACK
Stop Cookie-Timer
Established
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Multi-homing
Both ends may have multiple IP-addresses (+ port number)
IPv4 or IPv6 or mixed
Tolerant for physical failure

Use another card, another path
May by-pass congestion points

If routed separately
One primary path,

others for backup
Application control
Periodic heartbeats
a.a.a.1
a.a.a.2
b.b.b.1
b.b.b.2
Application control: intervals, turn on/off, on-demand
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Data transfer
Packet no longer than the path MTU Multiple chunk in a packet
Two sequence numbers in each chunk
globalTSN for the association
Separate sequence numbers for each stream
U = unordered
Bundle, deliver immediately
BE =
10 beginning of fragments
00 middle chunk
01 end of fragments
11 no fragments
xx Type = 0
U B E
Chunk Length
Transmission Sequence Number (TSN)

Stream Identifier S
Stream Sequence Nbr. n
Payload protocol identifier

Payload Data (seq n of stream S)
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Flow Control
Checksum in common header
Window based flow control (as in TCP)
Window size advertised (rcwnd) in each SACK
Selective ACK
To primary path
Describes possible tags
Fast-retransmission
Missing in 4 consecutive SACK
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Interface with Upper layer

Functions to
Initiate, tune and shutdown association

Get and set parameters (e.g. timers, thresholds)
Heartbeat control
Send and receive data
Notifications to registered callback functions

Normal event, status changes, errors
Socket based API

Consistently with the existing socket API
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Shutdown (3-way handshake)

Shutdown
Pending
Receive SHUTDOWN
Stop accepting new data
Send all outstanding-DATA

Send SHUTDOWN
Start shutdown timer
Shutdown
received
Cookie wait
Send all outstanding Data

Send SHUTDOWN-ACK
Start shutdown-timer
Receive SHUTDOWN-ACK
Stop shutdown timer
Send SHUTDOWN-COMPLETE
Established
Closed
Receive SHUTDOWN-COMPLETE
Send SHUTDOWN-ACK
Stop shutdown-timer
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Closed
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Summary
Reliable transportation
Multi-stream
Multi-homing
Flow control
Congestion control
Initiate and shutdown flow
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Who will use?

Time-critical fault-tolerant applications using redundant LAN
Multi-homing
Applications that exchange continuously short, similar sequences of
independent data that require reliability
No head-of-line blocking
Short transaction (e-commerce)
Remote database operations (signaling)
Network games

Could substitute TCP
SCTP/Ipv6?
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Part3
M3UA Protocol
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36
Objectives
should be able to:
Understand the concept of M3UA
Understand the messages in M3UA
Understand the signaling message flow of
M3UA
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37
M3UA in ZTE Softswitch
SCN
SS7
STP
SS7
Interworking
Function
M3UA
SS7
IP
NGN
MGC
SIP
AS
H.248
SSP
MG
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SCTP in SIGTRAN
TCAP
TUP/ISUP
M3UA
SCCP
MTP3
M2UA
ISDN
M2PA
SUA
IUA
SCTP
IP
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M3UA Position
SEP
SG
ISUP
ISUP NIF
MTP3
MTP3
M3UA
M3UA
MTP2
MTP2
SCTP
SCTP
MTP1
MTP1
IP
IP
PSTN
MGC/SS
ISUP
IP
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Terminology
AS: A logical entity serving a specific Routing
Key
ASP: A process instance of an application server
Routing key: A routing key describes a set of SS7
parameters and parameter values that uniquely
define the range of signaling traffic to be handled
by a particular AS.
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Routing key
of M3UA
Generally speaking Routing key is consisted of

OPC+DPC +sub service TUP/ISUP/SCCP +CIC/SSN+ AS
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AS & ASP
MGC/SS
AS
SG
Mode
ASP
MGC/SS
AS1
SG
ASP1
AS
P1
ASP2
Mode
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M3UA Messages
Management (MGMT) Message
Transfer Messages
SS7 Signalling Network Management (SSNM)
Message
ASP State Maintenance (ASPSM) Messages
ASP Traffic Maintenance (ASPTM) Messages
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MGMT messages (1)

Error
Indicate errors in received messages, includes:
1
Invalid Version
Invalid Network Appearance
Unsupported Message Type
Invalid Message Type
Invalid Traffic Handling Mode
Unexpected Message
Protocol Error
Invalid Routing Context
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MGMT messages (2)

NTFY
Indicate M3UA events, define 2 types of events
AS state altered
Reserved
Application Server Inactive
Application Server active
Application Server Pending
Others
Insufficient ASP resources active in AS
Alternative ASP active
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ASPSM messages
Reserved
1
2
3
4
5
6
ASP Up (UP)
ASP Down (DOWN)
Heartbeat (BEAT)
ASP Up Ack (UP ACK)
ASP Down Ack (DOWN ACK)
Heatbeat Ack (BEAT ACK)
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ASPTM messages
0
1
2
3
4
Reserved
ASP Active (ACTIVE)
ASP Inactive (INACTIVE)
ASP Active Ack (ACTIVE ACK)
ASP Inactive Ack (INACTIVE ACK)
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M3UA Message flow I

SG
ASP
ASP UP
ASP UP ACK
ASP ACTIVE
ASP ACTIVE ACK
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M3UA message flow II

SG
ASP1
ASP2
ASP3
ASP UP
ASP UP Ack
ASP UP
ASP UP Ack
ASP UP
ASP UP Ack
ASP Active(Ldshr)
ASP Active Ack
ASP Active(Ldshr)
ASP Active Ack
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ASP Active(Ldshr)
ASP Active Ack
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M3UA Message flow III

SG
ASP Inactive
ASP1
ASP2
ASP Inactive Ack

NTFY(AS-Pending)
ASP Active
ASP Active Ack
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SSNM message
Reserved
Destination Unavailable (DUNA)
Destination Available (DAVA)
Destination State Audit (DAUD)
SS7 Network Congestion State (SCON)
Destination User Part Unavailable (DUPU)
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MTP3 Management Message

(Signaling Point Jammed)
SEP/STP
SG
MTP3
TFC
TFC
TFC
TFC
SS
MTP3
M3UA
M3UA
TFC
SCON
SCON
TFC
TFC
SCON
SCON
SCONSCONSCON
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(Signaling Point unreachable)
SEP/STP
SG
MTP3
TFP
TFP
TFP
TFP
MTP3
M3UA
TFP
DUNA
TFP
TFP
DUNA
DUNA
SS
M3UA
DUNA
DUNA
DUNA
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(Signaling point reachable)
SEP/STP
SG
MTP3
MTP3
TFA/TFR
TFA/TFR
TFA/TFR
TFA/TFR
TFA/TFR TFA/TFR
SS
M3UA
DAVA
M3UA
DAVA
DAVA
DAVA
DAVADAVADAVA
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(User part unavailable)
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
UPU
SS
M3UA
M3UA
DUPU
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(Link Management message)
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
OTHER
SS
M3UA
M3UA
DUNA/DAVA
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57
M3UA Management Message

(Enquire Signaling Point)
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
M3UA
SS
DAUD
M3UA
DAVA/DUNA/SCON
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(Deactivate Connection)I
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
TFP
SS
M3UA
M3UA
INACTIVE
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(Deactivate Connection)II
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
SS
M3UA
M3UA
INACTIVE
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(Activate Connection)I
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
TFA
SS
M3UA
M3UA
ACTIVE
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M3UA Management m\Message

(Activate Connection)I
SEP/STP
MTP3
SG
MTP3
SS
M3UA
M3UA
ACTIVE
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ASP Status
ALTERNATE
ASP
TAKEOVER
ASP-ACTIVE
OR
ASP-STANDBY
ASP
ACTIVE
ASP DOWN/
SCTP CDI
ASP
INACT
ASP-INACT
ASP
UP
ASP DOWN/
SCTP CDI
ASP-DOWN
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AS Status
One ASP trans ACTIVE
AS-INACT
AS-ACTIVE
Tr Trigger
at least one
ASP in INACT
one ASP
trans
to INACT
all ASP
trans to
DOWN
one ASP trans

to ACTIVE
AS-PENDING
(queueing)
AS-DOWN
Tr Trigger no ASP
in INACT state
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ZTE University
Thank
you!
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NGN_B_P02_E1

NGN Basic Theory

SS7 over TDM

Redundancy no single point failure

Yesterday and Today

Reliable Protocols - Sigtran

provides reliable transport mechanism

adaptation and peer protocols

Here are many adapting modules,

The development of SCTP

Motivation for SCTP

to reduce additional infrastructure costs

Combine circuit-switched telephone signaling networks

(PSTN) and packet-switched IP-based networks

to establish,monitor and terminate calls

Signaling more delay sensitive, best effort is not

Need a general-purpose reliable transport protocol for

Motivation for a new protocol

Motivation for a new protocol

What does SCTP offer?

Flow control and

SCTP packet structure

Destination Port Number

Chunk Value (Data/Parameter)

Transmission Sequence Number (TSN)

Stream Sequence Nbr. n

Payload protocol identifier

SCTP data transport flow

TSN ACK=6 ,GAP BLOCK =1

Different color stands for different stream

SCTP data transport flow

TSN ACK=13 ,GAP BLOCK =0

SCTP message packet (1)

Payload Data ( DATA )

SCTP message packet (2)

Shutdown Acknowledge SHUTDOWN ACK

TCP start up flow

SYN seq=y ACK x+1

Tolerant for physical failure

May by-pass congestion points

One primary path,

Application control: intervals, turn on/off, on-demand

Transmission Sequence Number (TSN)

Stream Sequence Nbr. n

Payload protocol identifier

Interface with Upper layer

Initiate, tune and shutdown association

Notifications to registered callback functions

Socket based API

Shutdown (3-way handshake)

Send all outstanding-DATA

Send all outstanding Data

Who will use?

M3UA in ZTE Softswitch

Generally speaking Routing key is consisted of

MGMT messages (1)

Invalid Network Appearance

Unsupported Message Type

Invalid Message Type

Invalid Traffic Handling Mode

Invalid Routing Context

MGMT messages (2)

M3UA Message flow I