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Engineering Circuit Analysis

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
2 Phasors
3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
4 Impedance
5 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis

References:
References Hayt-Ch7; Gao-Ch3;

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

Any steady state voltage or current in a linear circuit with a


sinusoidal source is a sinusoid
All steady state voltages and currents have the same frequency as
the source
In order to find a steady state voltage or current, all we need to know
is its magnitude and its phase relative to the source (we already know
its frequency)
We do not have to find this differential equation from the circuit, nor
do we have to solve it
Instead, we use the concepts of phasors and complex impedances
Phasors and complex impedances convert problems involving
differential equations into circuit analysis problems
Focus on steady state; Focus on sinusoids.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

Key Words:
Words
Period: T ,
Frequency: f , Radian frequency
Phase angle
Amplitude: Vm Im

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

v t Vm sin t

vi

+
R

t1

t2

i
+

Both the polarity and magnitude of voltage are changing.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Period: T Time necessary to go through one cycle. (s)
Frequency: f Cycles per second. (Hz)
f = 1/T
Radian frequency(Angular frequency): = 2f = 2/T (rad/s
Amplitude: Vm Im

i = Imsint v =Vmsint
vi

Vm I
m

2 t

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Effective Roof Mean Square (RMS) Value of a Periodic
Waveform is equal to the value of the direct current which is
flowing through an R-ohm resistor. It delivers the same average
power to the resistor as the periodic current does.

1
T

i 2 Rdt I 2 R

Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform I eff


I eff

1
T

I m2
T

I sin tdt
2
m

Veff

1
T

1
T

1 cos 2 t
dt
2

v 2 dt

Vm
2

i 2 dt

1 2 T
I
Im
m
T
2
2

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Phase (angle)

i I m sin t

Phase angle

6
4
2

i 0 I m sin

0
-2 0

<0

-4
-6
-8

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Phase difference
v Vm sin( t 1 )

i I m sin( t 2 )

v i t 1 ( t 2 ) 1 2
1 2 0 v(t) leads i(t) by (1 - 2), or i(t) lags v(t) by (1 -

2 )

1 2 0 v(t) lags i(t) by (2 - 1), or i(t) leads v(t) by (2 - 1)


1 2 0

1 2

In
vi
phase.
v

vi

1 2

vi

Out of phase

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal
Review
The sinusoidal waves whose phases are compared must:
Be written as sine waves or cosine waves.
With positive amplitudes.
Have the same frequency.
360 does not change anything.
90 change between sin & cos.
180 change between + & 2

sin cos cos


3

cos sin
2

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
A sinusoidal voltage/current at a given frequency , is
characterized by only two parameters :amplitude an phase
Key Words:
Words
Complex Numbers
Rotating Vector
Phasors

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
E.g. voltage response

Time domain

v t Vm cos t

Re v t

Complex
form:

v t Vm e j t

Angular frequency is
known in the circuit.
Phasor form: V | Vm |
Frequency domain

A sinusoidal v/i

Complex transform
Phasor transform
V | Vm |

By knowing angular
frequency rads/s.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
Rotating Vector
i (t ) I m sin t

i
t

Im

Im
t1

i(t1)

A complex coordinates number: I m e

j t

I m cos t jI m sin t

Real value: i t I m sin t Imag


I max I m e

j t

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
Rotating Vector
y

v Vm sin(t )

Vm

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
Complex Numbers
A a jb Rectangular Coordinates

imaginary axis

A A cos j sin

b
|A
|

A A e j Polar Coordinates

real axis

conversion
A a jb A A e j

A e j a jb
e j 90 cos 90 j sin 90 0 j j

A a2 b2
arctg

a A cos
b A sin

b
a

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
Phasors

A phasor is a complex number that represents the


magnitude and phase of a sinusoid:

im cos t

I I m

Phasor Diagrams

A phasor diagram is just a graph of several phasors


on the complex plane (using real and imaginary
axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the relationships
between currents and voltages.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


2 Phasors
Complex Exponentials

A A e j
Ae jt A e j ( t ) A cos( t ) j A sin( t )

Re{ Ae jt } | A | cos( t )

A real-valued sinusoid is the real part of a complex exponential.

Complex exponentials make solving for AC steady state an


algebraic problem.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Key Words:
Words
I-V Relationship for R, L and C,
Power conversion

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Resistor v~i relationship for a resistor

Suppose
R

v
_

v Vm sin t

v Vm
i
sin t I m sin t
R R
Relationship between MS: I

vi
v

Wave and Phasor diagrams

i
t

V
I
R

V
R

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Resistor Time domain

v(t ) Vm cos( wt )
i (t ) I m cos( wt )

frequency domain

Vm e j ( wt ) RI m e j ( wt )
Vm e j RI m e j
Vm RI m
V RI

With a resistor , v(t) and i(t) are in phase .

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Resistor
P4.4 v 311 sin 314t
and P

R=10 Find i

Vm 311
V

220V
2
2

V 220

22 A
R 10

i 22 2 sin 314t

P IV 220 22 4840W

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Inductor

v~i relationship

v v AB

di
L
dt

Suppose i I m sin t

di
d I m sin t
vL L
I mL cos t
dt
dt
I mL sin t 90

Vm sin t 90

1 t
1 0
1 t
1 t
i vdt L vdt L 0 vdt i0 0 vdt
L
L

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Inductor

v~i relationship
di
v L I mL sin t 90 Vm sin t 90
dt
Vm I mL
Relationship between RMS: V IL

V
I
L

X L L 2fL
XL f

For DC f = 0 XL = 0.
v(t) leads i(t) by 90, or i(t) lags v(t) by 90

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Inductor

v ~ i relationship

i(t) = Im ejt
di
I m jLe jt jLi (t )
dt
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: V jLI

I V V
jL jX L
The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
multiplication by j in the relationship between V and I .
The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in
the frequency-domain.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors in a way such as we express the current-voltage relationship for a
resistor.
v (t ) L

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3. Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Inductor

v ~ i relationship

Wave and Phasor diagrams

V jIX L

vi
v
i

eL

t
I

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Inductor
P4.5 L = 10mH v = 100sint Find iL when f = 50Hz and
50kHz.
X L 2fL 2 50 10 10 3 3.14
I 50

V
100 / 2

22.5 A
XL
3.14

iL t 22.5 2 sin t 90 A

X L 2fL 2 50 10 3 10 10 3 3140
V
100 / 2
I 50 k

22.5 mA
XL
3.14

iL t 22.5 2 sin t 90 mA

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Capacitor

+
v
_

v ~ i relationship
dq
dv
i
C
dt
dt

Suppose: v Vm sin t
C

I m CVm

i CVm cos t CVm sin t 90 I m sin t 90


1 t
1 0
1 t
1 t
v idt idt idt v0 idt
c
c
c 0
c 0

Relationship between RMS: I CV V V


1
XC

C
1
1

XC

C 2fC
1
For DC f = 0 XC
XC
f

i(t) leads v(t) by 90, or v(t) lags i(t) by 90

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Capacitor

+
v
_

v ~ i relationship

v(t) = Vm ejt

dv (t )
dVm e j t
i (t ) C
C
jCVm e j t
dt
dt

V
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: I = jCV =
jX C

The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a


multiplication by j in the relationship between V and I .
The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in
the frequency-domain.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors much like we express the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Capacitor

v ~ i relationship

Wave and Phasor diagrams


V jI X C

vi

i
v
t

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Capacitor
P4.7 Suppose C=20F AC source v=100sint
Find XC and I for f = 50Hz, 50kHz
f 50Hz X c
I

V
V
m 1.38A
Xc
2Xc

f 50KHz X c
I

1
1

159
C 2fC

Xc

1
1

0.159
C 2fC
Vm
1380 A
2Xc

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Review (v-I relationship)
Time domain
R

v R i

Frequency domain
V R I ,

v and i are in phase.

di
vL L
dt

V jL I

dv
iC C
dt

1
1
V
I , XC
, v lags i by 90.
jC
C

, X L L , v leads i by 90.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
Summary

XR R

X L L 2fL f

v i
2

XC

1
1
1

c 2fc
f

v i

V IX

Frequency characteristics of an Ideal Inductor and Capacitor:


A capacitor is an open circuit to DC currents;
A Inducter is a short circuit to DC currents.

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


4 Impedance

Key Words:
Words
complex currents and voltages.
Impedance
Phasor Diagrams

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


4 Impedance
Complex voltage Complex current Complex Impedance

AC steady-state analysis using phasors allows us to express the


relationship between current and voltage using a formula that looks
likes Ohms law:
Z is called impedance.
V IZ
measured in ohms ()

V Vm e jv Vm v
I I m e ji I mi
V Vm j ( v i )
Z
e
Z e j Z
I I m

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


4 Impedance
Complex Impedance

V Vm j ( v i )
Z
e
Z e j Z
I I m
Complex impedance describes the relationship between the
voltage across an element (expressed as a phasor) and the
current through the element (expressed as a phasor)
Impedance is a complex number and is not a phasor (why?).
Impedance depends on frequency

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
ResistorThe impedance is R
ZR = R

0; or ZR = R 0

CapacitorTheimpedance is 1/jC
1 j2 j
Zc
e

jX c
or
C
C

( v i )
2

ZC

1
90
C

InductorThe impedance is jL
Z L Le

jL jX L

( v i

)
2

or Z L L90

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Phasors and complex impedance allow us to use Ohms law with
complex numbers to compute current from voltage and voltage
from current
P4.9
10V 0

+
-

20k
1F

+
-

VC

= 377
Find VC

How do we find VC?


First compute impedances for resistor and capacitor:
ZR = 20k= 20k 0
ZC = 1/j (377 *1F) = 2.65k -90

Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis


4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
P4.9

10V 0

20k 0

20k
1F

+
-

= 377
Find VC

VC

Now use the voltage divider to find VC:


2.65k 90
VC 10V0 (
)
2.65k 90 20k0

10V 0

+
-

VC

2.65k -90
2.65 90
20.17 7.54
1.31V 82.46

VC 10V 0

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