ECE 476

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 25
Governors, Harmonics, the Smart Grid

Professor Tom Overbye

Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering

Announcements
Be

reading Chapter 14
Last homework is 12.3, 12.11, 14.15. Needs to be done
before the final
Project is due today
Final exam is as given on the UIUC website. That is,
Tuesday Dec 13 from 7 to 10pm here (218 Ceramics).
Final

is comprehensive, with more emphasis on material since

exam 2.
Three note sheets allowed (e.g., ones from previous two
exams and one new note sheet)

Example 12.1 with Varying Gain Ka

1.12
1.1
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62

1.1
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
0.8
0.78
0.76
0.74
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0

0.5

1.5

2.5
gf

Ka=100

V (pu)_Bus Bus 4

3.5

4.5

0.5

1.5

2.5
f

3.5

4.5

V (pu)_Bus Bus 4

Ka=1000

Generator Governors

The other key generator control system is the governor,

which changes the mechanical power into the generator to
maintain a desired speed and hence frequency.
Historically centrifugal flyball governors have been
used to regulate the speed of devices such as steam
engines
The centrifugal force varies
with speed, opening or
closing the throttle valve

Photo source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_governor

Isochronous Governors

Ideally we would like the governor to maintain the frequency

at a constant value of 60 Hz (in North America)
This can be accomplished using an isochronous governor.

A flyball governor is not an isochronous governor since the control

action is proportional to the speed error
An isochronous governor requires an integration of the speed error

Isochronous governors are used on stand alone generators

but cannot be used on interconnected generators because of
hunting

Generator Hunting

Control system hunting is oscillation around an equilibrium

point
Trying to interconnect multiple isochronous generators will
cause hunting because the frequency setpoints are the two
generators are never exactly equal

One will be accumulating a frequency error trying to speed up the

system, whereas the other will be trying to slow it down
The generators will NOT share the power load proportionally.

Droop Control

The solution is to use what is known as droop

control, in which the desired set point frequency is
dependent upon the generators output
pm pref

1
f
R

R is known as the
regulation constant
or droop; a typical
value is 4 or 5%.

Governor Block Diagrams

The block diagram for a simple stream unit, the

TGOV1 model, is shown below. The T1 block
models the governor delays, whereas the second
block models the turbine response.
Vmax
Pref

1
R

1
1 sT1

1 sT2
1 sT3

Pmech

Vmin

Speed

Dt

Example 12.4 System Response

Problem 12.11
SLA CK345

MVA
A

MVA

218 MW
54 Mvar

60
RA Y345

1.02 pu

slack

1.02 pu

TI M345

MVA

MVA

59.98

1.01 pu

SLA CK138

MVA

RA Y138
59.96

1.03 pu

A
MVA

TI M138

1.00 pu

16.0 Mvar

18 MW
5 Mvar

MVA

MVA

59.94

MVA

33 MW
13 Mvar

TI M69

RA Y69
59.92

37 MW

17 MW
3 Mvar
59.9

PA I 69

1.01 pu

1.02 pu

MVA

1.02 pu
A

1.02 pu

MVA

MVA

13 Mvar
MVA

23 MW
7 Mvar

1.01 pu

GROSS69

59.88
FERNA 69
21 MW
7 Mvar
59.86

MVA
MVA

MVA
A

MORO138

HI SKY69
A

12 MW
5 Mvar

MVA

MVA

20 MW
8 Mvar

1.00 pu
PETE69

DEMA R69

59.82

45.3 MW

58 MW
40 Mvar

MVA

14.3 Mvar

12 Mvar
0.99 pu

UI UC69
1.00 pu

MVA

1 2.8 Mvar

140 MW
45 Mvar

A
MVA
A

58.2 MW

MVA
MVA

A MA NDA 69

36 Mvar

33 MW
10 Mvar

MVA

56 MW

59.76

14 MW
4 Mvar

MVA

59.7
BLT69

1.01 pu

SHI MKO69
7.4 Mvar

15 MW
5 Mvar
A

59.66

7.2 Mvar

1.02 pu
MVA

59.68

106 MW
8 Mvar

MVA

MVA

MVA

MVA

36 MW
10 Mvar

A
A

LYNN138

MVA
MVA

HA LE69

1.01 pu

MVA

MVA

1.00 pu

0.0 Mvar

13 Mvar

0 MW
0 Mvar

MVA

60 MW
12 Mvar

BOB69

59.78

1.01 pu

MVA

1.02 pu

59.72

15 MW
3 Mvar
1.00 pu

BOB138

59.8

BLT138

1.00 pu

MVA

0.99 pu

MVA

59.74

HOMER69

1.00 pu

MVA

MVA

MVA

29.0 Mvar

0.997 pu

59.84

MVA

HA NNA H69
51 MW
15 Mvar

MVA

WOLEN69

4.8 Mvar

MVA

1.00 pu

1.01 pu

1.00 pu

PA TTEN69

MVA

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

MVA

1.00 pu

MVA

LA UF69

1.02 pu
20 MW
30 Mvar
1.00 pu

MVA

MVA

23 MW
6 Mvar

WEBER69

22 MW
15 Mvar

0 MW
0 Mvar

LA UF138
1.01 pu

45 MW
0 Mvar

1.02 pu

ROGER69

2 Mvar

14 MW
3 Mvar

MVA

SA VOY69

1.02 pu

BUCKY138

42 MW
2 Mvar

J O138

MVA

MVA

14 MW

1.01 pu

MVA

SA VOY138

J O345

150 MW
-0 Mvar

MVA

MVA

150 MW
-0 Mvar

MVA

1.02 pu

1.03 pu

MVA

10

19

20

Restoring Frequency to 60 Hz

In an interconnected power system the governors to not

automatically restore the frequency to 60 Hz
Rather this is done via the ACE (area control area calculation).
Previously we defined ACE as the difference between the actual real
power exports from an area and the scheduled exports. But it has an
additional term
ACE = Pactual - Psched 10(freqact - freqsched)
is the balancing authority frequency bias in MW/0.1 Hz with a
negative sign. It is about 0.8% of peak load/generation

11

2600 MW Loss Frequency Recovery

Frequency recovers in about ten minutes

12

Power System Harmonics

So far class has talked about fundamental frequency
analysis. Many traditional loads only consume
power at the fundamental frequency. However, some
loads, mostly electronic-based, tend to draw current
in non-linear pulses, which gives rise to harmonics.
If current has half-wave-symmetry (values are equal and
opposite when separated by T/2) then there are no even
harmonics

13

Switched-Mode Power Supply Current

Source: www.utterpower.com/commercial_grid.htm

14

Quick Review of Fourier Analysis

a0

f(t) a1 cos t a2 cos 2t a3 cos3t K

2
b1 sin t b2 sin 2t b3 sin 3t K
.

where 2 f 2 T ,
T

2
a n f (t )cos nt dt , n 0,1,2,K
T0
T

2
bn f (t )sin nt dt , n 1,2,K
T0

15

Harmonic Current Specturm

The below figure shows the harmonic current

components for an 18-W, electronic-ballast compact
fluorescent lamp.

Source: Fig 2.34 of Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems by Masters

16

Current Waveform for CFL

i ( A) 2 0.145cos t 0.140cos3t 0.132cos5t 0.155cos7t K

Figure 2.35

17

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

I rms (i )avg
2

2 I1 cost I 2 cos2t I 3 cos3t K

2
avg

But the square term is simplied by recognizing

( a b c K )2 ( a 2 b 2 c 2 K 2ab 2ac 2bc K
and noting that the average value of the product of two sinusoids
of differing frequency is zero. This leaves
I12 I 22 I 32

I rms 2
K I12 I 22 I 32 K
2 2 2

A common metric for distortion is total harmonic distortion (THD)

THD

I 22 I 32 I 42 K
I1
18

Key Problems with Harmonics

A key problem with the third harmonic is neutral current since

the fundamental 120 degree phase shift becomes 360 degrees for
the third harmonic so the third harmonic values do not cancel
(also true for other triplen harmonics)

Delta-grounded wye transformers prevent triplen harmonic currents

from flowing into the power grid

Harmonics cause transformer overheating since core losses are

proportional to frequency
Harmonic resonance, particularly with shunt capacitors (can be
around 5th or 7th harmonic values)

19

The Smart Grid

The term Smart Grid dates officially to the 2007 US Energy

Independence and Security Act, Title 13 (Smart Grid)

Use of digital information and control techniques

Dynamic grid optimization with cyber-security
Deployment of distributed resources
Customer participation and smart appliances
Integration of storage including PHEVs
Development of interoperability standards

This effort is a continuation of grid advances that have occurred

over generations

20

Present Day Grid Perception

21

DOEs Grid Vision

Enable a seamless, cost-effective electricity system, from generation
to end use, capable of meeting the clean energy demands and
capacity requirements of this century, while allowing consumer
participation and electricity use as desired:

Significant scale-up of Clean Energy (80% by 2035)

Allows 100% customer participation and choice (including distributed
generation, demand-side management, electrification of transportation, and
energy efficiency)
A 100% holistically designed system (including AC-DC hybrid configurations)
Global competitiveness and leadership
A reliable, secure, and resilient Grid

Slide Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Draft Vision of a Future Electric Grid; 11/15/11 draft.
For presentation at National Electricity Forum, February 89, 2012

22

DOEs Priority Needs and Focus

Generati
on

Cleaner
generation
technologies

Transmission

Distribution

End User

Accessing high quality

sources of renewable
energy and addressing
line congestion

Accommodating
increase use of EV, PV,
DG, and consumer
participation

Improved
efficiencies
in buildings
and industry

Integration of
renewables:
improved
operation,
planning, etc.

Seamless connection:
two-way power flows and
increased data streams

Interface with end

users: deployment
of AMI, microgrids,
etc.

System understanding and control: visualization, communications,

computation
System flexibility for stability: storage, demand response,
accommodating increased variability
System security: physical security, cyber security, mitigating increased
vulnerabilities

Slide Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Draft Vision of a Future Electric Grid; 11/15/11 draft.
For presentation at National Electricity Forum, February 89, 2012

23

Smart Grid Drivers

A key driver for the Smart Grid is to allow for the

integration of much more non-controllable electric
generation like wind and solar
There is a potential need to integrate in a large amount of
new load for electric transportation
Need is to replace control lost on the generation side with
more control on the load side
Customers desire appropriate levels of information to make
more informed choices

24

Areas of Uncertainty

With the large amount of existing generation,

transitioning to large amounts of more renewable
sources will take years, and will be driven by fuel
prices, such as natural gas
Climate change
Development of electrified transportation
Perceived cyber security concerns
Customer acceptance

25

Natural Gas Prices

Low natural gas prices tend to result in lower electricity prices.

This makes renewable sources seem more expensive, and reduces
customers focus on their electric bills
http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/GASPRICE

26

Smart Grid and Transmission

A smarter, more renewable intensive grid would be more

complex with both more control (at the load) and
potentially less control (at the renewable generation)

Overall transmission loading may also increase

From a transmission perspective this will result in more

challenging operations and planning
Much of existing smart grid transmission system
investments over the last two years have focused on
phasor measurement unit (PMU) installations

27

Smart Grid and the Distribution System

Distribution system automation has been making steady

advances for many years, a trend that should accelerate with
smart grid funding
Self-healing is often
used to refer to
automatic distribution
system reconfiguration
Some EMSs already
monitor portions of the
distribution system

S&C IntelliRupter PulseCloser

28

Demand Side Management

The utility industry has

a long history of demand
side management, dating
back into the 1970s;
smart grid technology will
not change the economics
Smart grid technology
may have some impact
on demand, particularly
with real-time prices

29

The Smart Grid and the Customer

Initially for some consumers the smart grid may just being able to
see how they use electricity; but this requires dollars for smarter
meters
How quickly and to what extent consumers will accept more load
management is still unknown

Google retired their PowerMeter service in Sept 2011.

A 2011 pilot study by CenterPoint Energy indicated most consumers (71%)
adjusted their energy usage when presented with displays showing their
consumption
There are still conflicting views about how much load reduction, and at
what time, is possible

30

The Smart Grid and Electric Cars

The real driver for widespread implementation of controllable

electric load could well be
PHEVs.
Recharging PHEVs when their drives return home at 5pm would
be a really bad idea, so some type of load control is a must.
Quick adoption of PHEVs depends on
gas prices, but will take many years at least
Investigation into Chevy Volts catching fire
may inhibit quicker adoption

31

The Smart Grid and Cyber Security

Recently several news stories have raised the question of potential

cyber
vulnerabilities associated with
the smart grid

Two way communication with

meters raises the possibility of tampering

All security issues will probably never the worked out, but potential risks
need to be assessed

UIUC, along with three other schools, are working to address these
issues through TCIPG

32