Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the major problems
facing major cities of the world
this is one of the motivations for this
research, to deploy computing techniques in
creating a barrier to wastage
to not only provide more financial gains and
energy saving, but also help the
environment and water cycle which in turn
ensures that we save water for our future.
The Project
An
The Project
This research has successfully provided an
improvement on existing water level
controllers
Its use of calibrated circuit to indicate the
water level
Use of DC instead of AC power thereby
eliminating risk of electrocution.
Introduction
Pumps are essential in the water supply
field.
wooden pumps existed in the 1700s and
these were used to empty the bilges of
ships.
Metal piston type pumps, driven by steam,
were developed in the early to mid-1800s
but it was not until the advent of electrically
driven pumps that water system expansion
became feasible on a large scale.
Continued
Layne
Designing Description
This circuit works on the principle that water
conducts electricity.
Two wires connected to VCC and two other
wires are dipped in tank at different levels
namely top & bottom and their output are
taken on pins P2.6, P2.7 via transistor
BC547. Port P1 is connected to data pins of
LCD and P3.2, P3.3, P3.4 are respectively
connected to RS, RW, and EN pins of LCD.
Designing Description
Initially when the tank is empty motor will be
on automatically & LCD will show the message
Motor on.
As the tank starts filling up wire at different
levels get some positive voltage, due to
conducting nature of water. This voltage is
then fed to their corresponding pins on
controller.
When tank gets full motor will be on
automatically & LCD shows the message Motor
Off.
Circuit Components
At89c52 controller
At89c52 programming
board
16*2 LCD
12V Relay
Bc547 (NPN)
transistors
Transistor (BC 337)=1
Crystal oscillator
11.0592MHz
Resistors (1K) 3
Resistors (10K) 1
Capacitor (1uf)-4
Resistor 500 ohm
AC Motor
Pot 10k
Programming cable
Connecting wires
Microcontroller
AT89C52is an 8-bitmicrocontrollerand
belongs to Atmel's8051 family.
AT89C52 has 8KB of Flash programmable
and erasable read only memory (PEROM)
and 256 bytes of RAM.
AT89C52 has an endurance of 1000
Write/Erase cycles.
Microcontroller
AT89C52
AT89C51
RAM
256 Bytes
128 Bytes
Flash
8 KB
4 KB
3 (16-bit each)
2 (16-bit each)
Number of Timers/Counters
Relay
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch.
Relays are used where it is necessary to
control a circuit by a low-power signal) or
where several circuits must be controlled by
one signal.
The first relays were used in long distance
telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they
repeated the signal coming in from one
circuit and re-transmitted it on another
circuit.
Relay
Relays were used in telephone exchanges
and early computers to perform logical
operations.
A type of relay that can handle the high
power required to directly control an electric
motor or other loads is called a contactor.
Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple
operating coils are used to protect electrical
circuits from overload or faults;
Motor
Motor
An electric motor is an electrical machine
that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy
In normal motoring mode, most electric
motors operate through the interaction
between an electric motor's magnetic field
and winding currents to generate force
within the motor.
Motor
In certain applications, electric motors can
operate in both motoring and generating or
braking modes to also produce electrical
energy from mechanical energy.
Electric motors are used to produce linear
or rotary force (torque)
should be distinguished from devices such
as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers
that convert electricity into motion but do
not generate usable mechanical powers
Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal
electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors act to reduce current flow
At the same time it acts to lower voltage
levels within circuits.
Resistors
Resistors
Heat
Light
Humidity
Force
Chemical Activity.
Resistors
Resistance value is marked on the resistor
body. Most resistors have 4 bands.
The first two bands provide the numbers for
the resistance and the third band provides
the number of zeros.
The fourth band indicates the tolerance.
Tolerance values of 5%, 2%, and 1% are
most commonly available
Resistors
Capacitors
Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal
electrical component used to store energy
electrostatically in an electric field.
All forms of capacitors contain at least two
electrical conductors (plates) separated by
a dielectric (i.e. insulator).
The conductors can be thin films, foils or
sintered beads of metal or conductive
electrolyte, etc.
Capacitors
The "no conducting" dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity.
A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic
film, air, vacuums, paper, mica, oxide layer
etc.
Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not
dissipate energy.
Capacitors
When there is a potential difference across
the conductors, an electric field develops
across the dielectric, causing positive charge
to collect on one plate and negative charge
on the other plate.
If a battery is attached to a capacitor, no
current can flow through it.
However, if a time-varying voltage is applied
across the leads of the capacitor, a
displacement current can flow.
Diode IN4007
Diode IN4007
A rectifier diode is used as a one-way check
valve.
These diodes only allow electrical current to
flow in one direction
Hence, they are used to convert AC power
into DC power.
Diode IN4007
When constructing a rectifier, it is important
to choose the correct diode for the job;
otherwise, the circuit may become
damaged.
Luckily, a 1N4007 diode is electrically
compatible with other rectifier diodes, and
can be used as a replacement for any diode
in the 1N400x family.
Advantages
Human effort is reduced as the system
controls the motor automatically based on
the water level.
This system consumes less power.
Simple and more reliable.
Applications
Applications
For Single Phase, Submersible Starter is
necessary.
We can control two motor and two sumps
and two overhead tanks by single unit.
Automatic water level controller will
automatically START the pump set as soon
as the water level falls below the
predetermined level (usually 1/2 tank) and
It will SWITCH OFF the pump set as soon as
tank is full.