1

What is Protection
System ?
Def: A COMPLETE ARRANGEMENT OF PROTECTION
EQUIPMENT AND OTHER DEVICES REQUIRED TO
ACHIEVE A SPECIFIED FUNCTION BASED ON A
PROTECTION PRINCIPLE.
Need: WHEN EQUIPMENT FAILS, THE ENERGY IS
RELEASED AND EVERY COMPONENT IN THE SYSTEM
IS AT RISK. THE PROTECTIVE RELAYING SYSTEM
MONITORS THE SYSTEM AND INITIATE ACTION
ACCORDINGLY.
2

Purpose of Protection
System:
The protective relaying system senses the abnormal condition
of power system and gives an alarm or isolates the
defective system from the healthy system.
A fault in an electrical system is defined as a defect in its
electrical circuit due to which the current is diverted from
the intended path. Faults are generally caused by breaking
of conductors or failure of insulation. Some other causes of
fault conditions include:
Mechanical failure
Environment disturbances
Excessive internal & external stresses
Operating error
Equipment malfunctions
The fault impedance being low, the fault current are relatively
very high and flows towards the fault.
3

Requirements of Protection
system:
Selectivity - ability to select the faulty part of in
system & disconnect the faulty part without
disturbing rest of the healthy system.
Speed of Operation The faulty section should be
isolated as fast as possible to minimize the
damage to equipments and increase the
stability of operation of healthy system.
Sensitivity - ability to operate with low value of
actuating quantities.
Reliability - ability to operate under the faulty
conditions only.
4

Types of Protective
equipment
FUSES
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKERS
(MCB)

PROTECTIVE RELAYS
5

FUSES
A Fuse is a short piece of metal,
inserted in the circuit, which melts
when excessive current flows
through the circuit and thus breaks
the faulty circuit.
The fuse element is generally made of material
having low of low melting point, high
conductivity and least deterioration due to
oxidation, e.g. silver, copper etc. it is inserted in
series in the circuit to be protected.
6

Classification of Fuses:
i.

Low-voltage fuses
Semi-enclosed rewirable fuse
High rupturing capacity (HRC) cartridge fuse
HRC fuse with tripping device

ii.

High-voltage fuses
Cartridge type
Liquid type
Metal clad fuses
7

Miniature Circuit Breakers

(MCBs)
MCBs is a type of switch with thermal
contacts. It can open or close a circuit under
all conditions viz. no load, full load or fault
conditions. It can be operated manually under
normal conditions and automatically under
fault conditions.

Protection Relay
A protection relay is a device that detects the fault
and initiates the operation of the circuit breaker
to isolate the defective system from the rest of
the healthy system.
The relay detects the abnormal condition by
constantly measuring the electrical quantities
e.g. voltage, current, frequency, phase angle,
status of circuit breakers , etc.
In changes of one or more quantities, the relay
senses the faults, its type and location of the
fault.
9

10

Essential Requirements of
Protective System:1. Current Transformers or CT :CT,s are required to scale down the
primery current to suitable level so
that relay can use it. CT,s can be
single core or multi core. Each core
can be single ratio or multi-ratio.
Separate cores are needed for
metering or protection purposes.
Normally secondary current is 1A or
5A as per requirement.
11

2. Potential Transformers or Voltage

Transformers or PT/ VT,s :PT,s are needed to scale down the
Primery voltage to suitable level so
that it is useful for the relay.
Normally secondary voltage is 110
V or 110/3 Volts as per requirement.
PTs or VT,s are of single or three
phase system.
12

3-Auxiliary AC or DC Supply:Reliable and steady auxiliary supply is needed so that

in all adverse operating conditions, it is available to
the protective system to detect the faulty condition,
and the relay could isolate the faulty system from the
healthy system with the aid of circuit breakers.
Normally DC with battery chargers are used as
reliable and steady auxiliary supply system.
Normally 12 V, 24 V, 48 V, 110 V or 220 V DC
auxiliary supply system are used.

13

4. Circuit Breakers:
Circuit breakers or CB,s are very much needed
to operate the electrical circuits in all the
operating conditions i.e. on no-Load, on Fullload.
CB are also required to isolate the faulty
system from healthy system on receipt of
command from the protective system in the
shortest possible time.
CB status is also available to the protective
system to properly take the decision of the
fault.
14

5.Precautions while developing/

studying schematics:

- All the schematics are made

without any ac/dc supplies,
- All the pressure switches are in
zero pressure state,
- All relays are in non-operating state
and their contacts are in normal
state,
- No current/ voltage from CT/ PT is
available.
15

Various types of Relays according to

principle of operation are as follows:
Electromagnetic Attraction Relay

1)

i.
ii.
iii.

Attracted armature type

Solenoid type
Balanced beam type

The relay operates by virtue of a plunger being attracted

into a solenoid or an armature being attracted
towards the pole of an electromagnet which in turn
operates the associated contacts bank. These types
of relays may be operated by dc or ac quantities like
as voltage, current etc. Normally this type of relays
are used for supply status, CB status, Contact
multiplication etc.
16

2) Electromagnetic Induction Relay

These relays operate on the principle of Induction
motor and are widely used for protective relaying
purposes involving a.c. quantities. An Induction
relay essentially consists of a pivoted aluminium
disc placed in two alternating magnetic fields of
same frequency but displaced in time and space.
The torque is produced in the disc by the
interaction of one of the magnetic fields with the
currents induced in the disc by the other.
In order to obtain the phase difference in the flux and
hence the operating torque, following three types
of structures are used:
a) Shaded-pole structure
b) Watt-hour meter structure
c) Induction cup structure.
17

Electromagnetic Induction
Relay

18

STATIC RELAY
In Static Relays, the measurement is performed by
electronic/magnetic/optical or other components
without mechanical motion. Static relays have
versatile characteristics, offer low burden and
incorporate several protective/control/monitoring
functions in one compact unit.

19

MICROPROCESSOR

based

Numerical

Relays:
In 1980s, programmable static relays incorporating
Microprocessor have been introduced.
A programmable protection & control system has a
Microprocessor or Microcomputer in its circuit.
With the help of the logic and the Microprocessor,
the integrated system can perform several
functions of Data acquisition, Data processing,
Data transmission, protection & control.
Earlier for each of these functions, separate
Electromagnetic or Static units were used along
with complex inter module wiring.

20

Block Diagram of a simple Microprocessor based Digital Static

Relay

CB

CT

VT
Input Unit
Input Unit

A/D
Convert
er

Setting

Data
Request &
Display

Trip
coil
MICROPROCESS
OR

Data Logger
21

Relay Based on actuating

parameters
-Over-current Relays,
-Under/ Over voltage relays,
-Over/ under frequency relays,
-Power directional relays,
-Over-fluxing relays etc.

22

Relays based on Operating

Characteristics:-Instantaneous Relays,
-Definite time delay relays,
-Inverse definite minimum time
delay relays (IDMT),
-Voltage restraint over current relay,

23

Relays based on their

uses:
1-Differential Protection Relay
2.Restricted E/F Relay,
3.Distance Protection Relay,
4. Negative Phase Sequence Relay,
5. Neutral Over-current Relay,
6. Neutral Voltage Displacement Relay,
7. Over Fluxing Relay,

24

8. Over/ under voltage Relay,

9. Over-current Relay,
10. Bus-bar Protection Relay,
11. Breaker Failure Relay,
12.Direction O/C & Directional E/F
Relays
13.Over/ Under Frequency Relay,

25

Other type devices used as

Relays:

Oil Temperature Relays,

Winding Temperature Relays,
Oil surge Relays (OSR),
Buchholtz Gas Relay,
Pressure Relief valves (PRV),
Pressure Switches,
Level Gauges,
Flow meters, etc
26

27

The Protection scheme of Vishnuprayag

Hydro Power Project(4x100MW) is
classified as :

Generator Protection
Generator Transformer Protection
Bus-bar Protection
Bus Coupler protection
Transmission Line Protection
Shunt Reactor protection
28

Generator/ Unit
Main-I (GRP-1) Protection comprising :
Protections
i. Generator Differential
Relay : Model-REG216, Make-ABB
ii.

iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.

Under Impedance
Negative Phase Sequence
Gen. Over Current (Inst. & IDMT type)
100% Stator Earth Fault
Reverse Power
Over Voltage
Loss of Excitation
Balance Voltage
Gen. Thermal Protection
29

Main-II (GRP-2) Protection comprising :

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.

Gen.-transformer Over all Differential

95% Stator Earth Fault
Under Frequency
Over Frequency
Under Voltage
Over Flux
UAT Restricted Earth Fault
UAT Over Current
UAT Earth fault
30

31

Single Line Diagram of Protection

scheme of Generator Unit

32

Single Line Diagram of Protection

scheme of Generator Unit

Trip Logic of Protection scheme of GRP-1 (Main-I)

33

LED Indications provided on GRP-1 (Main-I)

34

Details of LED Indications provided on GRP-1 (Main-I)

35

Trip Logic of Protection scheme of GRP-2 (Main-II)

36

LED Indications provided on GRP-2 (Main-II)

37

Details of LED Indications provided on GRP-2 (Main-II)

38

Unit Protection Settings

Main-1 Settings ( GRP-1 Panel )
Sl.No.

Protection

LED
No.

Function

Curve/Setting

Time Delay

Over Voltage Stage-1 (59)

06

Alarm

1.15 Un

2.00 sec

23

Over Voltage Stage-2 (59)

Under Voltage (27)

07

ESD
Alarm

1.25 Un
0.70 Un

Inst.
2.00 sec

Balance Voltage-1 (60)

05

Alarm

0.20 Un

0.04 sec

Balance Voltage-2 (60)

28

PSD

0.20 Un

1.00 sec

Inst. Over current (50)

21

ESD

1.60 Un

0.50 sec

Time Delayed Over Current (51)

UAT E/f Protn. (51)

22

ESD
PSD

1.30 In
5.00 In

2.00 sec
0.02 sec

PSD

IB =0.50 In, k=0.05

IDMT

8
9

UAT O/C Protn (Inverse time) (51)

31
30

10

Definite Time NPS-1 (46)

04

PSD

I2 =0.05 In

5.00 sec

11

26
25

PSD
PSD

IB =0.78 In

12

Inverse Time NPS-2 (46)

Reverse Power (32)

IDMT
3 sec

13

Loss of Excitation (40)

32

ESD

XA = -1.11 Un/In
XB = -0.18 Un/In

0.2 sec

14

GT Restricted E/F Protn. (51 N)

29

ESD

As per curve

15

100% Stator E/F(64 S)

24

ESD

IB =0.10 In
T/f ratio-50
REs-0.91k

16

Under Impedance (21)

18

ESD

0.176 Un/ In

3 sec

17

Gen Differential (87 G)

17

ESD

g setting = 0.10 In
v setting = 0.25

Inst.

-0.05 PN

1 sec

39

Unit Protection Settings

Main-2 Settings : ( GRP-2 Panel )
Sl.No
.

Protection

LED
No.

Function

Curve/Setting

Time Delay

Over Voltage Stage-1 (59)

03

Alarm

1.15 Un

2.00 sec

Over Voltage Stage-2 (59)

17

ESD

1.25 Un

0.00 sec

Under Voltage Stage-1 (27)

04

Alarm

0.85 Un

10.0 sec

Under Voltage Stage-2 (27)

20

ESD

0.80 Un

3.20 sec

Over Frequency Stage-1 (81)

07

Alarm

52.0 Hz

1.00 sec

Over Frequency Stage-2 (81)

23

PSD

52.5 Hz

1.00 sec

Under Frequency Stage-1 (81)

06

Alarm

48.5 Hz

1.00 sec

Under Frequency Stage-2 (81)

22

PSD

47.0 Hz

2.00 sec

Over Fluxing Stage-1 (24)

05

Alarm

1.15 Un/fn

2.00 sec

10

Over Fluxing Stage-2 (24)

21

PSD

1.1 UB/fn

0.05 min

11

UAT Restricted E/F Protn. (51 N)

26

PSD

IB =0.4 In, k=0.01

As per curve

12

GT/F Time Delayed O/C (51)

27

ESD

1.3 In

3.00 sec

13

Gen. Trans. Neu. O/C (51 N)

18

PSD

IB =0.30 In

As per curve

14

95% Stator E/F(59/27)

24

ESD

0.05 sec

15

Overall Differential (87 T)

25

ESD

0.05 Un
g setting = 0.20 In
v setting = 0.5

Inst.

40

Generator Transformer
Protection :
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

Differential Protection
Back-up Over Current
Neutral Over Current
Restricted Earth Fault
Winding Temperature High
Oil Temperature High
Buchholz Gas Relay
Pressure Relief Valve

41

Bus-Bar Protection & Breaker

failure Protection :
Relay : Model-REB500, Make-ABB

-Bus bar protection is provided so that in

case of fault on any of the bus-bar, the
faulty bus will be isolated and other
bus will continue to function without
any interruption.
- Breaker failure protection is provided to
isolate the faulty breaker from the
system, in case CB fail to isolate the
fault.
42

The Central unit & Bay relay

comprising of :
i.

Bus bar Differential protection,

ii. Breaker Failure Protection (LBB)

43

Single Line Diagram of Protection scheme of Bus

Bar

44

45

Bus-Coupler Protection
Relay : Model-SPAJ140C, Make-ABB
Provided to trip the buscoupler
CB in case of over-loading of
bus-coupler or fault on any of
the bus-bar
i . Over Current Protection,
ii. Earth Fault Protection

46

Single Line Diagram of Protection scheme of Bus

Coupler

47

Trip Logic of Protection scheme of Bus

Coupler

48

Main-I (Relay-REL521), Main-II (RelayREL316) & Back-up (Relay-REX521)

protection comprises of following
functions :
Transmission
Line Protections
Under Impedance
ii. Over Voltage
iii. Back-up Over Current
iv. Back-up Earth fault
v. Breaker Failure protection
vi. Auto-Reclosure Scheme
i.

49

Single Line Diagram of Protection scheme of

Transmission Lines

50

Trip Logic of Protection scheme of Transmission

Lines

51

Setting Criterion of Line

Protection:
1. Zone-1: 80% of Principal Line Section;
2. Zone-2: 100% of Principal Line Section + 50% of
the Adjoining Shortest Line
(check that Zone-2 > 120% of Principal Line Section

52

3. Zone-3: 1.2 x (100% of Principal

Line Section + 100% of the
Adjoining longest Line )
4. Zone-4 : 1.2 x (100% of Principal
Line Section + Single T/F of remote
end )
5. Reverse Zone: 25% of Zone-1

53

Shunt Reactor Protection

Relay : Model-REG316, Make-ABB
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

Differential Protection
Restricted Earth Fault
Back-up Impedance Protection,
Winding Temperature High
Oil Temperature High
Buchholz Gas Relay protection
Pressure Relief Valve

54

Some Additional Features/

Schemes Used in Protective
Circuits:
1.Trip Circuit Supervision Scheme: It
is used to continuously monitor
the tripping circuit & trip coil of
circuit breakers,
2.Trip Coil supervision Scheme: It is
used to continuously monitor the
trip coil of the tripping relays,
55

3.Pole discrepancy scheme : In single

pole circuit breakers, If due to any
reason, one or two poles of the CB trips,
the remaining pole trips after a short
time delay. Normally it is of the order of
0.8 to 1.0 sec. It may be with CB
schematic or outside.
4. Auto-reclosing Scheme: On tripping of
Line CB on Temporary line fault, the
scheme provides auto Reclosure of Line
CB after a pre-set short time delay.

56

The scheme may be single phase

auto-reclosing or three phase autoreclosing or both.
Normally single phase auto-reclosing
scheme are employed. Three
phase auto-reclosing scheme are
best suited for radial lines.

57

5. Carrier Inter-tripping
Schemes
:- of Principal Line Section
Normally 80%
is covered by Zone-1 of the Line
protection, the rest of the 20% is
covered by Zone-2 protection with a
minimum delay of 0.4 sec.
To cover end 20% line fault in Zone-1
time also, Various carrier based carrier
inter-tripping schemes are used:-

58

A. Permissive Under-reach carrier

inter tripping Scheme,
B. Permissive Over-reach carrier
inter tripping Scheme,
C. Carrier Blocking Scheme,
D. Carrier Acceleration Scheme

59

Testing of Protective
Relays schemes
&
Associated
Equipments.

60

Testing of Current Transformers :

- Insulation Test
1. Primary winding to Earth by 5kV
megger
2. Secondary winding to Earth (For
each core) by 250V or 500 V megger,
3. Primary winding to all the
secondary winding by 5kV megger,
4. Core to core of secondary
windings by 250V or 500 V megger,
61

- Ratio Test of each core by Primary

injection,
- Polarity Test of cores,
- Magnetizing Characteristics or
knee point voltage test for
identifying metering/ Protection
cores

62

Testing of Potential Transformers:

- Insulation Test
1. Primary winding to Earth by 5kV
megger after isolating from earth
2. Secondary winding to Earth (For each
core) by 250V or 500 V megger,
3. Primary winding to all the secondary
winding by 5kV megger,
4. Core to core of secondary windings
by 250V or 500 V megger,
63

- Ratio Test of each core by injecting

voltage on Primary terminal and
measuring voltages on secondary
cores,
- Polarity Test of cores with reference
to Primary Terminal,

64

Primary Injection of CT,s:

- Primary injection of current
transformers is carried out with the
help of Primary Injection Test Kits.
The current is measured in all the
current circuits of all the phases one
by one to ensure that during actual
operation current will flow only in
the correct phase and not otherwise,
65

- During Primary injection we have to

ensure that the current in metering
circuit is flowing from the metering
core only and current in protection
circuit is flowing from the protection
core only otherwise the protection is
likely fail during fault conditions.

66

Secondary Injection Of
PT,s:
- Injection of Potential circuit is carried
out with the help of Secondary
Injection Test Kits or with the help of
Single phase variac, Rheostat etc.
The voltage is measured in all voltage
circuits of all the phases one by one
to ensure that during actual operation
voltage will flow in the correct phase
only and not otherwise,
67

Checking of DC Schemes:
-The wiring of complete scheme is checked and corrected
according to scheme.
- Auxiliary DC supply is given to the panel and DC supply
is checked at various points in the scheme/ Relays
- The operation of DC relays checked as per schematics.

68

Testing Of Relays:
-All the relays are tested for operation on various settings
with the help of Secondary Relay Testing Kit Like as
Doble, Omricon, TURH, ZFB etc.
-The operating time of the relays is also measured to
ensure the operation of relays within permissible limits.

69

Power System Simulator (DOBLE Test Kit)

70

Power System Simulator (DOBLE Test Kit)

71

72

Closing/ Opening operation of

Circuit Breakers:
-Closing/ Opening operation of
Circuit Breaker is checked from
Control/Relay Panels
- Tripping of Circuit Breaker is
checked by operation of Protective
Scheme with the aid of secondary
injection test Kit.
73

Checking of Alarm & Indications:

- All the alarms & Indications are actuated one by one
and their operation is checked/ ensured on the panels.

Checking of Stability of Relays :

- Check for the stability of Differential Relays, Restricted
Earth Fault Relays, Bus-bar protection Relays etc.

74

On load checking the system:

After the system is energized, the

following checks are required to be
carried out :- Checking of DC auxiliary supply at
various points in the panels,
- Checking of CT/ PT supplies to
relays, meters etc.,
- Checking of healthiness of relays
- Checking of proper operation of
voltmeter/ Ampere meter in all the
phases
75

- Operation of MW meter, PF meter,

Energy meter etc and their running
in proper direction,
- Trip circuit supervision in healthy
state,
- Relays are measuring correct
voltage & currents as per load
condition.

76

Testing Of Transformers

Following Tests are performed to Check

the healthiness of Transformers:1.Insulation Resistance- HV-E, LV-E, HVLV by 5KV/ 10KV Megger.
2. Turn ratio Test
3. Open circuit Test from HV & LV side,
4. Short Circuit Test from HV to LV,
5. Magnetic Balance Test from Star side
6. Checking proper operation of OLTC.
77

Testing Of Reactors:
Following Tests are performed to
Check the healthiness of Reactors:1. Insulation Resistance- HV-E by
5KV/ 10KV Megger.
2. Open circuit Test from HV,
3. Magnetic Balance Test from HV
78

79
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