An overview of FEA
Fixed boundary
uniform loading
Finite element
Cantilever plate
model
in plane strain
Element
Node
Approximate method
Geometric model
Node
Element
Mesh
Discretization
Course content
1. Direct Stiffness approach for springs
2. Bar elements and truss analysis
3. Introduction to boundary value problems: strong form, principle of
minimum potential energy and principle of virtual work.
4. Displacement-based finite element formulation in 1D: formation of
stiffness matrix and load vector, numerical integration.
5. Displacement-based finite element formulation in 2D: formation of
stiffness matrix and load vector for CST and quadrilateral elements.
6. Discussion on issues in practical FEM modeling
7. Convergence of finite element results
8. Higher order elements
9. Isoparametric formulation
10. Numerical integration in 2D
11. Solution of linear algebraic equations
M
M
M
M
M
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
3x4
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
3
4
1
2
What is a matrix?
First row
Second row
Third row
a12a321a34
What is a vector?
0
0
03x4I3x
101
Special matrices
1
2
4
a
b
c
A
A
3
0
7
B
d
e
f
9
5
g
h
i
,g
a
1
,9
b
2
c
4
,
3eh
0
f1i5
7
.
Matrix operations
Equality of matrices
1
2
4
1
3
1
0
C
A
A
9
3
0
7
B
5
6
B
5
1
4
1
0
67
Matrix operations
Addition of two
matrices
A
A0CABC
Addition of of matrices
Matrix operations
Properties
1
2
4
c
A
A
3
0
7
c
3
9
5
6
1
2
2
70
35
Matrix operations
Multiplication by a
scalar
1
2
4
c
A
A
3
0
7
c
1
9
5
-A
2
4
3
90
7
15
Matrix operations
Multiplication by a
scalar
Special case
1
2
4
1
3
1
0
N
C
A
o
3
0
7
B
9
5
6
te
A
h
a
B
t
0
7
8
1
A
-
0
a
n
d
0
-A
-A
Matrix operations
Subtraction
1
2
4
1
3
9
A
9
307
2
0
1
5 475
Special
operations
Transpose
Special
operations
Transpose
a
b
a
a
T
b
1
1
32;a
1b
b
2
3
a
a3b
2b
Matrix operations
Matrix operations
Matrix multiplication
inside
outside
B
rxn
AB
mxn
1
2
4
1
3
C
33xx2
A
3
0
7
B
3
x
2
9
1
5
0
A
T
3
1
1
B
9
n
o
t
i
c
e
2
3
3
7
2
84
Matrix operations
Matrix multiplication
A
B
A
in
g
eral
Matrix operations
Multiplication of
matrices
Properties
BBATIBCCB
A;TIABBACCAA0;0A0
A
Matrix operations
Multiplication of
matrices
Properties
0
A
B
A
C
A
B
0
Matrix operations
Miscellaneous
properties
A
B
A
I
Inverse of a
matrix
Definition
Then
(a)The matrix A is called invertible, and
(b) the matrix B is the inverse of A and is
denoted as A-1.
The inverse of a matrix is unique
A
B
I
C
(
)B
C
A
B
I
Inverse of a
matrix
Uniqueness
kAAk1AA
Inverse of a
matrix
1
-
1-1
Some properties
PArBemultiBpyAngbotAhsBidesbyBBA
1
1
1
A
r-e1m
)B
(P
A
B
A
Iu
B
-1
lB
t1A
i
p
y
t11A
n
g
b
o
i1d
h
s
e
s
b
y
A
-1
Inverse of a
matrix
Properties
1
1
1
A
a12;dae12t(A;deat1(A)a12a121
A
)
a
1
What is a determinant?
1
3
5
7
1
3
det(A
)5717358
Example 1
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
A
d
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
e
t(A
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
3
2
)
a132a31
a123a12
a1321a32
2
4
3
A
1012 1
2
4
3
2
4
0
14 1
0
1
Example
0 -8
32
2
7
8
3
2
4
a
a
a
A
1
1
2
1
3
M
12
2
2
3
a32131a2332
a213
a
a
2
1
2
3
a231C
M
3
2
12
Cofactor method
What is a cofactor?
If A is a square matrix
21401-23 -M
3
124020414
What is a cofactor?
Sign of cofactor
C
(31)(3)M
M
4
3
3
Minor
Cofactor
j
n
iddeett((A
1
n
)A
a
C
a
C
a
C
j)
1
2
j
n
j
ai1C
ai2C
ainC
1 0
-3
3 4
-1 5
-2
0 1
4
det(A)=(1) 5
2 -2
- (-3) -1 5 2
0
- (0) -1 2 -2
0
3
+2
-1 5 -2
0
= (1)(35)-0+(2)(62)-(-3)(13)=198
Example : evaluate
1 5 -3
2
det(A)=
1
det(A)=a13C13 +a23C23+a33C33
1
det(A)= -3* (-1)4
3
0
-1
+2*(-1)5
-1
= det(A)= -3(-1-0)+2(-1)5(-1-15)+2(0-5)=25
+2*(-1)6
v
e
c
t
o
r
U
dkksquam
atrix
Quadratic form
The scalar
d
k
k
U
ddd
1
1
1
2
k
1(T1kk1dd212
k1112d1d2)
2k12k1d2(21k112
22k222d2kd212d2)
Quadratic form
Let
Then
Symmetric
matrix
ddU
2
k
d
2
k
d
1
1
2
1
U
2
k
d
2
k
d
1
2
1
2
2
2
Differentiate U wrt d2
U
U
d
2kd12
2k12k12d12
d
Outline
Role of FEM simulation in Engineering
Design
Course Philosophy
General scenario..
Engineering design
Physical Problem
Question regarding the problem
...how large are the deformations?
...how much is the heat transfer?
Mathematical model
Governed by differential
equations
Assumptions regarding
Geometry
Kinematics
Material law
Loading
Boundary conditions
Etc.
Example: A bracket
Engineering design
Physical problem
Questions:
1. What is the bending moment at section AA?
2. What is the deflection at the pin?
Finite Element Procedures, K J Bathe
W
L
,atlodW
2
7
5
0
N
c
m
3
1
W
(
L
r
)
W
(
L
r
)
N
N
5
I0
3
E
A
G
6
.5
cm
Example: A bracket
Engineering design
Moment at section AA
Deflection at load
Mathematical model 1:
beam
Example: A bracket
Engineering design
Mathematical model 2:
plane stress
..General scenario..
Engineering design
Physical Problem
Mathematical model
Governed by differential
equations
Numerical model
e.g., finite element
model
..General scenario..
Engineering design
PREPROCESSING
1. Create a geometric model
2. Develop the finite element model
Solid model
..General scenario..
Engineering design
..General scenario..
Engineering design
..General scenario..
Engineering design
POSTPROCESSING
Compute moment at section AA
..General scenario..
Engineering design
Preprocessing
Step 1
Analysis
Step 2
Step 3
Postprocessing
M
,atlodW
2
7
5
0
N
c
m
.6
4
Example: A bracket
Engineering design
Mathematical model 2:
plane stress
Example: A bracket
Engineering design
Summary
Example:
...GeneralAscenario
bracket
Modeling a physical
problem
Change
physical
problem
Physical Problem
Mathematical
Model
Improve
mathematical
model
Numerical model
Does answer
make sense?
YES!
Happy
No!
Refine analysis
Design improvements
Structural optimization
Modeling a physical
problem
Verification
Example:and
A bracket
validation
Physical Problem
Validation
Mathematical
Model
Verification
Numerical model