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Finite Element Analysis

An overview of FEA

Finite Element Analysis

Fixed boundary

uniform loading

Finite element
Cantilever plate
model
in plane strain

Element

Node

Problem: Obtain the


stresses/strains in the
plate

Approximate method
Geometric model
Node
Element
Mesh
Discretization

Course content
1. Direct Stiffness approach for springs
2. Bar elements and truss analysis
3. Introduction to boundary value problems: strong form, principle of
minimum potential energy and principle of virtual work.
4. Displacement-based finite element formulation in 1D: formation of
stiffness matrix and load vector, numerical integration.
5. Displacement-based finite element formulation in 2D: formation of
stiffness matrix and load vector for CST and quadrilateral elements.
6. Discussion on issues in practical FEM modeling
7. Convergence of finite element results
8. Higher order elements
9. Isoparametric formulation
10. Numerical integration in 2D
11. Solution of linear algebraic equations

M
M
M
M
M

1
1
2
1
3
1
4
3x4

2
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
3
4
1
2
What is a matrix?

A rectangular array of numbers (we will concentrate on


real numbers). A nxm matrix has n rows and m
columns

First row
Second row
Third row

First Second Third Fourth


column column column column
Row number
Column number

a12a321a34

What is a vector?

A vector is an array of n numbers


A row vector of length n is a 1xn matrix

A column vector of length m is a mx1 matrix

0
0
03x4I3x

101

Special matrices

Zero matrix: A matrix all of whose entries are zero

Identity matrix: A square matrix which has 1 s on the


diagonal and zeros everywhere else.

1
2
4
a
b
c
A
A

3
0
7
B

d
e
f
9
5
g
h
i

,g
a

1
,9
b
2
c

4
,
3eh
0
f1i5
7
.

Matrix operations

Equality of matrices

If A and B are two matrices of the same size,


then they are equal if each and every entry of one
matrix equals the corresponding entry of the other.

1
2
4

1
3
1
0
C
A

A
9

3
0
7
B

5
6
B

5
1
4

1
0
67

Matrix operations

Addition of two
matrices

If A and B are two matrices of the same size,


then the sum of the matrices is a matrix C=A+B whose
entries are the sums of the corresponding entries of A
and B

A
A0CABC
Addition of of matrices

Matrix operations

Properties

Properties of matrix addition:


1. Matrix addition is commutative (order of
addition does not matter)
2. Matrix addition is associative
3. Addition of the zero matrix

1
2
4
c
A
A

3
0
7
c

3
9
5

6
1
2
2
70
35

Matrix operations

Multiplication by a
scalar

If A is a matrix and c is a scalar, then the product cA is a


matrix whose entries are obtained by multiplying each of
the entries of A by c

1
2
4
c
A
A

3
0
7
c

1
9
5

-A

2
4

3
90

7
15

Matrix operations

Multiplication by a
scalar
Special case

If A is a matrix and c =-1 is a scalar, then the product


(-1)A =-A is a matrix whose entries are obtained by
multiplying each of the entries of A by -1

1
2
4

1
3
1
0
N
C

A
o

3
0
7
B

9
5
6
te
A
h

a
B
t
0
7
8
1
A
-
0
a
n
d
0
-A

-A

Matrix operations

Subtraction

If A and B are two square matrices of the same


size, then A-B is defined as the sum A+(-1)B

1
2
4
1

3
9
A

9
307

2
0
1
5 475

Special
operations

Transpose

If A is a mxn matrix, then the transpose of A is


the nxm matrix whose first column is the first
row of A, whose second column is the second
column of A and so on.

Special
operations

Transpose

If A is a square matrix (mxm), it is called


symmetric if

a
b
a
a
T
b
1
1

32;a
1b
b

2
3

a
a3b
2b

Matrix operations

Scalar (dot) product of


two vectors

If a and b are two vectors of the same size

The scalar (dot) product of a and b is a scalar


obtained by adding the products of
corresponding entries of the two vectors

Matrix operations

Matrix multiplication

For a product to be defined, the number of columns


of A must be equal to the number of rows of B.
A
mxr

inside
outside

B
rxn

AB
mxn

1
2
4

1
3
C
33xx2
A

3
0
7
B

3
x
2
9
1
5
0
A
T

3
1
1
B

9
n
o
t
i
c
e
2
3

3
7
2
84
Matrix operations

Matrix multiplication

If A is a mxr matrix and B is a rxn matrix, then the


product C=AB is a mxn matrix whose entries are
obtained as follows. The entry corresponding to row i
and column j of C is the dot product of the vectors
formed by the row i of A and column j of B

A
B
A
in
g
eral

Matrix operations

Multiplication of
matrices
Properties

Properties of matrix multiplication:


1. Matrix multiplication is noncommutative
(order of addition does matter)

It may be that the product AB exists but BA


does not (e.g. in the previous example
C=AB is a 3x2 matrix, but BA does not
exist)
Even if the product exists, the products AB
and BA are not generally the same

BBATIBCCB
A;TIABBACCAA0;0A0
A

Matrix operations

Multiplication of
matrices
Properties

2. Matrix multiplication is associative


3. Distributive law

4. Multiplication by identity matrix


5. Multiplication by zero matrix
6.

0
A
B

A
C
A
B
0

Matrix operations

Miscellaneous
properties

1. If A , B and C are square matrices of the


same size, and
then
does not necessarily mean that
2.
does not necessarily imply that
either A or B is zero

A
B
A
I

Inverse of a
matrix

Definition

If A is any square matrix and B is another


square matrix satisfying the conditions

Then
(a)The matrix A is called invertible, and
(b) the matrix B is the inverse of A and is
denoted as A-1.
The inverse of a matrix is unique

A
B

I
C
(
)B
C
A

B
I

Inverse of a
matrix

Uniqueness

The inverse of a matrix is unique


Assume that B and C both are inverses of A

Hence a matrix cannot have two or more


inverses.

kAAk1AA

Inverse of a
matrix

1
-
1-1
Some properties

Property 1: If A is any invertible square


matrix the inverse of its inverse is the matrix A
itself
Property 2: If A is any invertible square
matrix and k is any scalar then

PArBemultiBpyAngbotAhsBidesbyBBA

1
1

1
A
r-e1m
)B
(P
A
B
A
Iu
B

-1
lB
t1A
i
p
y
t11A
n
g
b
o
i1d
h
s
e
s
b
y
A
-1

Inverse of a
matrix

Properties

Property 3: If A and B are invertible square


matrices then

1
1
1

A
a12;dae12t(A;deat1(A)a12a121
A
)
a
1

What is a determinant?

The determinant of a square matrix is a number


obtained in a specific manner from the matrix.
For a 1x1 matrix:
For a 2x2 matrix:

Product along red arrow minus product along blue arrow

1
3

5
7

1
3
det(A
)5717358

Example 1

Consider the matrix

Notice (1) A matrix is an array of numbers


(2) A matrix is enclosed by square brackets

Notice (1) The determinant of a matrix is a number


(2) The symbol for the determinant of a matrix is a
pair of parallel lines
Computation of larger matrices is more difficult

a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
A
d

1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
e
t(A

2
2
2
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
3
2
)

a132a31
a123a12
a1321a32

Duplicate column method for 3x3 matrix


For ONLY a 3x3 matrix write down the first two
columns after the third column

Sum of products along red arrow


minus sum of products along blue arrow

This technique works only for 3x3 matrices

2
4
3
A
1012 1
2
4

3
2
4
0
14 1
0
1

Example

0 -8

32

Sum of red terms = 0 + 32 + 3 = 35


Sum of blue terms = 0 8 + 8 = 0
Determinant of matrix A= det(A) = 35 0 = 35

2
7
8
3
2
4

Finding determinant using inspection


Special case. If two rows or two columns are
proportional (i.e. multiples of each other), then the
determinant of the matrix is zero

because rows 1 and 3 are proportional to each other

If the determinant of a matrix is zero, it is called a


singular matrix

a
a
a
A

1
1
2
1
3
M
12
2
2
3
a32131a2332
a213
a
a
2
1
2
3
a231C
M
3
2
12
Cofactor method

What is a cofactor?

If A is a square matrix

The minor, Mij, of entry aij is the determinant of the submatrix


that remains after the ith row and jth column are deleted from A.
The cofactor of entry aij is Cij=(-1)(i+j) Mij

21401-23 -M
3
124020414

What is a cofactor?
Sign of cofactor

C
(31)(3)M

M
4
3
3

Find the minor and cofactor of a33

Minor

Cofactor

j
n
iddeett((A
1

n
)A

a
C

a
C

a
C
j)
1
2
j
n
j
ai1C
ai2C
ainC

Cofactor method of obtaining the


determinant of a matrix

The determinant of a n x n matrix A can be computed by


multiplying ALL the entries in ANY row (or column) by
their cofactors and adding the resulting products. That is,
for each
and
Cofactor expansion along the jth column

Cofactor expansion along the ith row

EXAMPLE: EVALUATE DET(A)


FOR:
A=

1 0

-3

3 4

-1 5

-2

0 1

4
det(A)=(1) 5

2 -2

- (-3) -1 5 2
0

det(A) = a11C11 +a12C12 + a13C13 +a14C14

- (0) -1 2 -2
0

3
+2

-1 5 -2
0

= (1)(35)-0+(2)(62)-(-3)(13)=198

Example : evaluate
1 5 -3
2

det(A)=
1

By a cofactor along the


3 third
-1 column

det(A)=a13C13 +a23C23+a33C33
1
det(A)= -3* (-1)4
3

0
-1

+2*(-1)5

-1

= det(A)= -3(-1-0)+2(-1)5(-1-15)+2(0-5)=25

+2*(-1)6

v
e
c
t
o
r
U
dkksquam
atrix

Quadratic form
The scalar

Is known as a quadratic form

If U>0: Matrix k is known as positive definite


If U0: Matrix k is known as positive semidefinite

d
k
k
U

ddd
1
1
1
2
k

1(T1kk1dd212
k1112d1d2)
2k12k1d2(21k112
22k222d2kd212d2)

Quadratic form
Let
Then

Symmetric
matrix

ddU

2
k
d

2
k
d
1
1
2
1
U

2
k
d

2
k
d
1
2
1
2
2
2

Differentiation of quadratic form


Differentiate U wrt d1

Differentiate U wrt d2


U
U
d

2kd12
2k12k12d12
d

Differentiation of quadratic form


Hence

Outline
Role of FEM simulation in Engineering
Design
Course Philosophy

General scenario..

Engineering design
Physical Problem
Question regarding the problem
...how large are the deformations?
...how much is the heat transfer?
Mathematical model
Governed by differential
equations

Assumptions regarding
Geometry
Kinematics
Material law
Loading
Boundary conditions
Etc.

Example: A bracket

Engineering design

Physical problem

Questions:
1. What is the bending moment at section AA?
2. What is the deflection at the pin?
Finite Element Procedures, K J Bathe

W
L
,atlodW
2
7
5
0
N
c
m
3
1
W
(
L

r
)
W
(
L

r
)
N
N

5
I0
3
E
A
G
6
.5
cm
Example: A bracket

Engineering design

Moment at section AA
Deflection at load

How reliable is this model?

How effective is this model?

Mathematical model 1:
beam

Example: A bracket

Engineering design

Mathematical model 2:
plane stress

Difficult to solve by hand!

..General scenario..

Engineering design
Physical Problem
Mathematical model
Governed by differential
equations

Numerical model
e.g., finite element
model

..General scenario..

Engineering design

Finite element analysis

PREPROCESSING
1. Create a geometric model
2. Develop the finite element model

Solid model

Finite element model

..General scenario..

Engineering design

Finite element analysis

FEM analysis scheme


Step 1: Divide the problem domain into non
overlapping regions (elements) connected to
each other through special points (nodes)
Element
Node

Finite element model

..General scenario..

Engineering design

Finite element analysis

FEM analysis scheme


Step 2: Describe the behavior of each element
Step 3: Describe the behavior of the entire body by
putting together the behavior of each of the
elements (this is a process known as assembly)

..General scenario..

Engineering design
POSTPROCESSING
Compute moment at section AA

Finite element analysis

..General scenario..

Engineering design

Finite element analysis

Preprocessing
Step 1

Analysis

Step 2
Step 3

Postprocessing

M
,atlodW

2
7
5
0
N
c
m

.6
4
Example: A bracket

Engineering design

Mathematical model 2:
plane stress

FEM solution to mathematical model 2 (plane stress)


Moment at section AA
Deflection at load

Conclusion: With respect to the questions we posed, the


beam model is reliable if the required bending moment is to
be predicted within 1% and the deflection is to be predicted
within 20%. The beam model is also highly effective since it
can be solved easily (by hand).

What if we asked: what is the maximum stress in the bracket?


would the beam model be of any use?

Example: A bracket

Engineering design

Summary

1. The selection of the mathematical


model depends on the response to be
predicted.
2. The most effective mathematical model
is the one that delivers the answers to
the questions in reliable manner with
least effort.
3. The numerical solution is only as
accurate as the mathematical model.

Example:
...GeneralAscenario
bracket

Modeling a physical
problem

Change
physical
problem

Physical Problem
Mathematical
Model

Improve
mathematical
model

Numerical model

Does answer
make sense?

YES!
Happy

No!
Refine analysis
Design improvements
Structural optimization

Modeling a physical
problem

Verification
Example:and
A bracket
validation

Physical Problem
Validation
Mathematical
Model
Verification
Numerical model

Critical assessment of the FEM


Reliability:
For a well-posed mathematical problem the numerical
technique should always, for a reasonable discretization,
give a reasonable solution which must converge to the
accurate solution as the discretization is refined.
e.g., use of reduced integration in FEM results in an
unreliable analysis procedure.
Robustness:
The performance of the numerical method should not be
unduly sensitive to the material data, the boundary
conditions, and the loading conditions used.
e.g., displacement based formulation for incompressible
problems in elasticity
Efficiency:

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