Perturbation and KAM

theory

The specific example of chaotic system- the logistic map, the

damped, driven pendulum and the Lorenz equations- are all
dissipative. It is important to recognize that non-dissipative system
can also exhibit chaos. We note that completely integrable system ,
i.e. the system that can be solved exactly ,can never exhibit chaos.
Non-integrable Hamiltonian are dense in space and all the nonintegrable systems have a phase space that contain chaotic region.

Now the question is, what will happen when we increase the
non linear perturbation for both Hamiltonian( non-dissipative) and
dissipative system. To find the solution we will study the KAM
( Kolomogrovo, Arnold, Moser) Theorem.

Motion on a torus is the fundamental kind of quasiperiodic

motion, even in higher dimension than three. Torus are defined by
two angles: one inside the donut tube and another around the
vertical axis of the donut. Now , if the system is integrable , then
there exists constant or invariant torus named invariant tori .

Perturbation and KAM

theory
KAM theory implies that a Hamiltonian system of the

form

H(,I) = H0(I) + H1(,I)

which is integrable at = 0 , still has a large set of
invariant tori if is small enough .

Consider the frequency of motion around each

angular variable of a torus: as a point moves it may rotate
around the tube at the same time it revolves around the
torus axis. If we take the ratio of these frequency we get a
quantity called winding number , =1/2. KAM
showed that tori with rational winding number are most
easily destroyed. These are called resonant tori. But almost
all orbits (those with irrational winding numbers) are
preserved

What happens when a resonant torus breaks up? The

answer was given by Birkhoff in his theorem: it breaks up

Perturbation and KAM

theory
the rational tori are strongly deformed, while the irrational torus
preserved( see figures). Now, the intersection points between the
original rational torus and the deformed torus are unchanged, i.e.
fixed points, and if we calculate their nature , we will see that they
alternate elliptic and hyperbolic with the number of each equal to
the integer denominator in the rational winding number: if =1/2
= n1/n2, then there will be n2 elliptic points in between n2 unstable
hyperbolic points where the chaotic motion originate.
What happens if we increase the perturbation even further?
In this case, after the tori with rational winding number go
chaotic, the irrational tori begin to break up also. More and more
irrational tori go unstable as the perturbation grows. It can be
shown that the tori go unstable in order to their degree of
irrationality. Since the quadratic irrationals are the most
irrational, they are the last tori to go.

Perturbation and KAM

theory

Perturbation and KAM

theory
Finally, KAM theory effectively tells us how systems go
chaotic as we increase a nonlinear perturbation: it
describes the route to chaos for Hamiltonian systems.