Electricity & Magnetism

FE Review

Voltage
v

dw
dq

joule
J
V (volts )
coulomb C

1 V 1 J/C
1 J of work must be done to
move a 1-C charge through
a potential difference of 1V.

Current
dq
i
dt

coulomb C
A (amperes )
second
s

Power
p

dw dw dq

vi
dt dq dt

joule
J
W ( watts )
second s

Point Charge, Q
Experiences a force F=QE in the presence of electric field E
(E is a vector with units volts/meter)
Work done in moving Q within the E field
r1

W Fgdr
0

E field at distance r from charge Q in free space

Qa r
E
4 0 r 2

0 8.85 1012 F/m (permittivity of free space)

a r unit vector in direction of E

Force on charge Q1 a distance r from Q

F Q1E

Q1Qa r
4 0 r 2

Work to move Q1 closer to Q

r2

Q1Q
Q1Q 1 1
a
g
a
dr

r
2 r
4

r
4

r1
0
0 r2
r1

Parallel Plate Capacitor

Q=charge on plate
A=area of plate
0=8.85x10-12 F/m

Electric Field between Plates

Q
0A

Potential difference (voltage) between the plates

V Ed

Capacitance

Qd
0A

0A
d

L
L
R

A A

Resistivity

L = length
A = cross-sectional area

= resistivity of material
= conductivity of material

Example: Find the resistance of a 2-m copper wire if the wire has a diamet

Cu 2 108 m
A r 2 0.001

8
L 2 10 m 2m
2
R

1.273

10
12.73 m
2
2
A
0.001 m

Resistor

Power absorbed

v Ri

v2
p vi Ri
R
2

Energy dissipated
w p dt

Parallel Resistors

Rp

p dt

one period

1
1
1
1
1

R1 R 2 R 3 R 4

Series Resistors

R s R1 R 2 R 3 R 4

Capacitor

dv
iC
dt
t
t
1
1
v i d v 0 i d
C
C0

Stores Energy

1 2
w Cv
2

Parallel Capacitors

C p C1 C 2 C3 C 4
Series Capacitors

Cs

1
1
1
1
1

C1 C2 C3 C4

Inductor

vL

di
dt
t

Stores Energy
t

1
1
v
d

i
0

v d

L
L0

1 2
Li
2

Parallel Inductors

Lp

1
1
1
1
1

L1 L 2 L3 L 4

Series Inductors

Ls L1 L 2 L3 L 4

KVL Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

The sum of the voltage drops around a closed path is zero.

KCL Kirchhoffs Current Law

The sum of the currents leaving a node is zero.

Voltage Divider
v1

R1
vs
R1 R 2 R 3 R 4

Current Divider
i1

1
R1

1
1
1
1

R1 R 2 R 3 R 4

is

Example: Find vx and vy and the power absorbed by the 6- resistor.

vx

2
6V 2V
24

vy

2
v x 1V
22

P6

2
v2 v y 1

W
R
6 6

Node Voltage Analysis

Find the node voltages, v1 and v2

Look at voltage sources first

Node 1 is connected directly to ground by a voltage source v 1 = 10 V

All nodes not connected to a voltage source are KCL equations

Node 2 is a KCL equation

KCL at Node 2

v 2 v1 v 2
20
4
2
1
3
v1 v 2 2 v1 3v 2 8
4
4
8 v1 8 10
v2

6V
3
3

v1 = 10 V
v2 = 6 V

Mesh Current Analysis

Find the mesh currents i1 and i2 in the circuit
Look at current sources first

Mesh 2 has a current source in its outer

i 2 2A
All meshes not containing current sources are KVL equations
KVL at Mesh 1

10 4i1 2 i1 i 2 0
i1

10 2i 2 10 2 2

1A
6
6

Find the power absorbed by the 4- resi

P4 i 2 R (1) 2 (4) 4W

RL Circuit

Put in some numbers

R=2
L = 4 mH
vs(t) = 12 V
i(0) = 0 A

di
0
dt
di R
1
i vs
dt L
L

vs Ri L

di
500i 3000
dt
i n (t) Ae Rt /L Ae 500t
i p (t) K
0 500K 3000

i(t) Ae 500t 6
i(0) 0
i(t)

0 Ae 500(0) 6

A 6

vs
1 e Rt /L 6 1 e 500t A

v(t) L

di
d
0.004 6 6e 500t 12e 500t V
dt
dt

vs
6
R

RC Circuit

Put in some numbers

R=2
C = 2 mF
vs(t) = 12 V
v(0) = 5V

dv v vs

0
dt
R
dv 1
1

v
vs
dt RC
RC

dv
250v 3000
dt
v n (t) Ae t /RC Ae 250t
v p (t) K
0 250K 3000

v(t) Ae 250t 12
v(0) 5

5 Ae 250(0) 12

A 7

v(t) vs (vs v 0 )e t /RC 12 7e 250t V

i(t) C

K v s 12

dv
d
0.002 12 7e 250t 3.5e 250t A
dt
dt

DC Steady-State
0

vL

di
0
dt

Short Circuit

i = constant

dv
iC
0
dt
v = constant

Open Circuit

Example:

Find the DC steady-state voltage, v, in the following circuit.

v (20 ) 5 A 100 V

Complex Arithmetic
Rectangular

Exponential

a+jb

Polar

Aej

tan

b
a

z a+jb a 2 +b 2
Plot z=a+jb as an ordered pair on the real
and imaginary axes
Complex Conjugate
(a+jb)* = a-jb

(A)* = A-

Eulers Identity
ej = cos + j sin

Complex Arithmetic
z1 Ae A= a
j

2040 20
40 60
560
5
= 4 20

ja y

z 2 Be j B bx jby
Addition

z1 z 2 a x ja y b x jb y a x b x j a y b y

Multiplication

z1 gz 2 A B
AB

Division

z1 A

z 2 B

A

B

Phasors

A complex number representing a sinusoidal current or volta

Vm cos t

Vm

Only for:
Sinusoidal sources
Steady-state
Impedance
Z

V
I

A complex number that is the ratio of the phasor voltage a

units = ohms ()

Admittance
Y

I
V

units = Siemens (S)

Phasors
Converting from sinusoid to phasor
20 cos 40t 15 A 2015A
100 cos 103 t V 1000V
6sin 100t 10 A 6 cos(100t 10 90)A 6 80A

Ohms Law for Phasors

V ZI

Current Divider
Ohms Law
KVL
Voltage Divider

KCL

Mesh Current Analysis

Node Voltage Analysis

Impedance
Z R R0

Z j L L90

1
1

90
j C C

Example: Find the steady-state output, v(t).

1
20 1.38 j3.45
I
50
1
1

j50 20 1.38 j3.45

4.88 24.67A
V ZI 20 4.88 24.67
97.61 24.67V
v(t) 97.61cos(103 t 24.67)V

10 P j4 3.7168.20 1.38 j3.45

Source Transformations

Voc I sc Z th
Thvenin Equivalent

Two special cases

Norton Equivalent

Example: Find the steady-state voltage, vout(t)

100
590A
j2

-j1

1
1
1

j2 j2

j1

V 590 j1 50V

I
j1

j0.5

50
5 90A
j1

1
1 1

j1 j1

j0.5

V 5 90 j0.5 2.50V

50+j0.5

No current flows through the impedance

Vout 2.50V

v out (t) 2.5cos(2t)V

Thvenin Equivalent

AC Power
Complex Power

Average Power

1 *
S VI P jQ
2
1
P Vm I m cos
2

units = VA (volt-ampere

units = W (watts)

a.k.a. Active or Real Power

Reactive Power

Power Factor

1
Vm I m sin
2

PF cos

units = VAR
(volt-ampere reactiv

= impedance angle

leading or lagging
current is leading the voltage
<0

current is lagging the voltage

>0

Example:

v(t) = 2000 cos(100t) V

V 20000 V

Z 20 j50
53.8568.20

Current, I
V 20000
I
37.14 68.20A
Z 20 j50

Power Factor
PF cos cos 68.20 0.371 lagging

Complex Power Absorbed

1 * 1
VI 20000 37.14 68.20
2
2
3713968.20 VA

13793 j34483 VA

Average Power Absorbed

P=13793 W

Power Factor Correction

We want the power factor close to 1 to reduce the current.
Correct the power factor to 0.85 lagging

new cos 1 0.85 31.79

Total Complex Power

Add a capacitor in parallel with the lo

Stotal S Scap 13793 j34483 0 jQ cap

Q cap P tan new Q 13793 tan 31.79 34483 24934 VAR

Qcap 25934 VAR

Scap j25934 VA

S for an ideal capacitor

1
S j CVm2
2
j25934 j

v(t) = 2000 cos(100t) V

1
2
100
C
2000

C 0.13 mF
Stotal S Scap 13793 j34483 0 j25934
13793 j8549 VA 16227.531.79 VA

Without the capacitor

I 37.14 68.20A

Current after capacitor added

S

1 *
VI
2

2 13793 j8549
2S

16.23 31.79 A

V
2000

RMS Current & Voltage

Vrms

1T 2
v dt
T0

1/2

I rms

1 2

i dt

T
0

a.k.a. Effective current or voltage

1/ 2

RMS value of a sinusoid

A cos t

A
2

P Vrms I rms cos

Balanced Three-Phase Systems

Phase Voltages

Van Vm 0
Vbn Vm 120
Vcn Vm 120

Y-connected
source

Line Currents
Y-connected
load
Line Voltages

Vab Van Vbn

Vbc VL 120
Vca VL 120

330 Van VL

I aA I AN

VAN
I L
ZLN

I bB I BN

VBN
I L 120
ZLN

I cC I CN

VCN

I L 120
ZLN

Balanced Three-Phase Systems

Line Voltages

Vab Vm 0
Vbc Vm 120
Vca Vm 120

-connected
source

-connected
load

Phase Currents

I AB

VAB
I L
ZLL

I BC

VBC
I L 120
ZLL

I CA

VCA
I L 120
ZLL

Line Currents

I aA I AB I CA

I bB I L 120
I cC I L 120

3 30 I AB I L

Currents and Voltages are specified in RMS

S

VL line voltage Vab

1 *
VI S VI* S 3VI*
2

S for peak
voltage
& current

S for RMS
voltage
& current

I L line current I aA

impedance angle Z

S for 3-phase
voltage
& current

Average Power
Complex Power
for Y-connected load

S 3VAN I AN*
3VL I L

Complex Power
for -connected load

P 3VL I L cos

S 3VAB I AB*
3VL I L

Power Factor

PF cos (leading or lagging)

Example:

Find the total real power supplied by the source in the balanced wye-connec
Given:
Van 5400 V

ZLN 270 j270

I aA I AN

VAN
5400

1.41 45A
ZLN 270 j270

S 3VAN I AN* 3 5400 1.4145 229145VA 1620 j1620VA

P=1620 W

Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op Amp)

With negative feedback
i=0
v=0

Linear Amplifier
0
KVL : -vin R1i v 0 i

vin
R1

KVL : -vin R1i R 2i v out 0

vin

2
R1

R
2 v in
R1

-v in R 1
v out

v in
v out 0
R
1

mV or V reading from sensor

0-5 V output to A/D converter

Magnetic Fields

Bgds 0
S

Hgdl
J gdS I
l

B magnetic flux density (tesla)

H magnetic field strength (A/m
J - current density

Net magnetic flux through

a closed surface is zero.

B H
Magnetic Flux passing through a surface

BgdS
S

Energy stored in the magnetic field

2
1

H
dV

2 V

Enclosing a surface with N turns

of wire produces a voltage across
the terminals

v N

Magnetic field produces a force perpendicular to

the current direction and the magnetic field direction

F IL B

d
dt

Example:

A coaxial cable with an inner wire of radius 1 mm carries 10-A current.

cylindrical conductor has a diameter of 10 mm and carries a 10-A unifor
distributed current in the opposite direction. Determine the approximat
energy stored per unit length in this cable. Use 0 for the permeablility
material between the wire and conductor.

Hgdl H 2 r I
H

10
2 r

for

10 A

103 m r 102 m
1 2 0.01

2
1
1
w H dV
2 V
20

10

0 0.001
0 2 r rdrd dz 18.30 J

Example:

A cylindrical coil of wire has an air core and 1000 turns. It is 1 m long w
a diameter of 2 mm so has a relatively uniform field. Find the current
necessary to achieve a magnetic flux density of 2 T.

Hgdl NI

HL NI 0

B
2T 1m 1590 A
BL
L

NI

N0 1000 4 107
0

Questions?