Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Understanding UMTS

Fig 1.

W-CDMA Principles

The Spread Spectrum Concept

Understanding UMTS

Fig 2.

W-CDMA Principles

Spreading Direct Sequence

Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 3.

W-CDMA Key Parameters

Chip rate = 3.84 Mcps

Bandwidth = 5Mhz

Frame Length = 10ms

Specified to utilise advanced receivers

Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 4.

Access Methods for W-CDMA

Harmonised
Chip rates
Frame lengths
Modulation

Understanding UMTS

Spreading & Despreading

Understanding UMTS

Fig 5.

W-CDMA Principles

Combining Data and Code Using

Exclusive OR

Understanding UMTS

Fig 6.

W-CDMA Principles

Combining Data and Code by

Multiplication

Understanding UMTS

Fig 7.

W-CDMA Principles

Spreading Multiple Signals

Understanding UMTS

Fig 8.

W-CDMA Principles

Despreading Multiple Signals

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 9.

Processing Gain

1) Processing gain:
Enhances wanted signal
Spreads unwanted signal
2) Processing gain

c/b or a/d

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 10.

W-CDMA Principles

Processing Gain and Errors

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 11.

Spreading Factors and Capacity

Note: Noise level varies
depending on which
signal is being despread
(As the wanted signal is
despread, its
contributions to the
overall system noise
level need not be
considered with respect
to the despread signal)

Capacity limited by
Number of users
Higher data rates

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Understanding UMTS

Use of Codes in UMTS

Understanding UMTS

Fig 12.

W-CDMA Principles

Use Of Codes in UMTS

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 13.

Channelisation Codes

Used to separate transmissions from a single source (from

UE in uplink, from Node B in downlink)

Uplink code lengths: 4 to 256

Downlink code lengths: 4 to 512

Code lengths are 2N, derived using the OVSF scheme

Generate spreading

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 14.

W-CDMA Principles

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

(OVSF) Codes

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 14.

W-CDMA Principles

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

(OVSF) Codes

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 15.

Scrambling Codes

Used to separate signals from different sources

Uplink: millions of codes

Downlink: limited to up to 512 codes

Spreading factor defines the number of channelisation

codes per scrambling code

Scrambling doesnt change the chip rate

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 16.

Derivation of Scrambling Codes

Pseudo Noise (PN) Sequences

Long codes are Gold Codes, truncated to 38400 chip

lengths (in 10ms frames)

downlink

uplink

Short codes are S(2) Codes, length 256

uplink only

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Understanding UMTS

Radio Issues

Understanding UMTS

Fig 17.

W-CDMA Principles

Multipath Delay

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 18.

W-CDMA Principles

Fast Fading

Result is
Fast fading
7.5cm = half wavelength
at 2GHz (equivalent to
0.00025s)

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 19.

W-CDMA Principles

The Rake Receiver

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 20.

W-CDMA Principles

Near-Far Effect

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 21.

Power Control

Uplink: counteract the near-far effect

Downlink: minimise interference with adjacent cells

Compensate for Fading

Two types: Open Loop & Closed Loop

(with Outer Loop)

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 22.

Open Loop Power Control

Used on initial
access to the
Radio Access
Network
Large separation
of U/L and D/L
frequencies

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 23.

W-CDMA Principles

Closed Loop and Outer Loop Power

Control

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 24.

W-CDMA Principles

Soft and Softer Handover

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 25.

Macro Diversity

Also applies to softer handover

(known as micro diversity)

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Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 26.

Cell Breathing

More Users
Higher Data Rates

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Understanding UMTS

Improving Performance

Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Fig 27.

Multi-User Detection

* Includes rake reception and interference estimation

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Understanding UMTS

Fig 28.

W-CDMA Principles

Beam Forming Antennas

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Understanding UMTS

Use of Channels

Understanding UMTS

W-CDMA Principles

Channels

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