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INTRODUCTION TO

SCIENCE
1.WHAT IS SCIENCE?

Science is a systematic
study of natural
phenomena and the
environment

2. NATURAL PHENOMENA

Natural phenomena
are the things that
happen in nature,
examples:a.
b.
c.

Earthquake and tsunami


Volcano eruptions
Birth of babies and their
growth
d. The occurrence of day
and night

e.The melting of ice


f. A falling object to
the ground
g.Lightning flashes
h.Eclipse of moon
and sun

i.

Formation and
germination of
seeds and fruits

j.

Formation of
rainbow

k.

Monsoons

l.

Turtles returning
to the shore to lay
eggs

m.

Typhoon

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

3.The importance of science in


everyday life
Transportation
Transportation
Communication
Medication
Agriculture
Construction
Machine
Education
Industry
technology

3.The importance of science in


everyday life

A. Transportation

Aeroplane,
hovercraft, ship, car,
motorcycle,
commuter, LRT (Light
rail Transit)

B. Communication

Telephone, facsimile, radio,


television, computer, internet,
satellites

c.

The important of science in


everyday life
Medication
(maintain good
health)

d.

X-ray machines,
lasers,
electrocardiogram
(ECG), dialysis
machine
Vaccines, antibiotic,
medicine

Machine (makes
work easier)

The important of science in


everyday
life
E. Agriculture
Machines,
fertilizers,
pesticides

F.

Construction

To built apartments, stadiums,


airports, dams, bridges

Teaching aids and technology

Fields of science

The three main branches of


science are:-

1. Biology -study of living


things

2. Chemistry-study of

substances and its reactions

3. Physics-study of

motion (movement), heat,


light and force

Fields of science

Other field in science are


:-

1.

Astronomy-study of
planets and stars
Geology-study of rocks
and minerals
Meteorology-study of
weather and climate
Physiology-study of
processes and functional
of systems in life
Botany- scientific study of
plants
Zoology - scientific study
of animals
Microbiology- scientific
study of microorganisms.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.

Careers in science include the


following:-

Doctor
Engineer
Nurse
Veterinarian
Microbiologist

Careers in science include the


following:-

Architect
Pharmacist
Chemist
Computer
programmer

Zoologist
Botanist
Biologist
Astronaut
Geologist
Research

scientist

Exercise: Introduction to science


1.
2.
3.

Science is the _________________


Natural phenomena is __________
Example of natural phenomena:
1.
2.

4.

_______________
_______________

The importance of science


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
_____________

Hazardous substances
found in the laboratory
Hazard warning symbols
are used to show the
danger of the substances

Hazard warning symbols


1. Poisonous

Causes harm or
death

Example:Mercury, bromine
and sodium
cyanide

Hazard warning symbols

2.Flammable

Burns easily

Examples
ethanol, petrol,
kerosene

Hazard warning symbols

3.Explosive
Explodes

easily

Examples
Sodium

and
potassium

Hazard warning symbols

4. Irritant

Irritates the skin

Examples
Ammonium solution
chloroform
weak acids

Vinegar

Vinegar

Hazard warning symbols

5. Radioactive

Gives out radiation

Examples

Plutonium and
uranium

Hazard warning symbols


6. Corrosive
substances

Causes damage to the


skin or eyes upon contact

Examples
Concentrated sulphuric
acid, Concentrated
hydrochloric acid.

Name these hazard warning symbols

COMMON LABORATORY
APPARATUS
Crucible
Evaporating dish
Filter funnel
Gas jar
Test tube
Boiling tube
Beaker
Conical flask
Bunsen burner
Stop watch
Thermometer
Metre rule
Syringe

Round bottom flask


Flat bottom flask
Measuring cylinder
Burette
Pipette
Retort stand
Tripod stand
Test tube rack
Test tube holder
Crucible tong

d
Barrel

Collar

Gas
jet

Air hole

h
f
i

j
l

Using a Bunsen burner


a)

b)

c)
d)

Close the air hole of


the Bunsen burner
by turning the collar
Bring a lighted
matchstick near the
mouth of the barrel
Turn on the gas tap
Open the air hole to
obtain a blue nonluminous flame

Barrel

Collar
Gas
jet

Air hole

1.

2.

3.
4.

IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEM


In the form of question
MAKING A HYPOTHESIS
Any possible answer for the
question
Also known as a smart guess
PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT
CONTROLLING THE VARIABLES
Carrying out the experiment
3 types of variables are:
a) Fixed variable @ Constant
variable:Remains the same
throughout the experiment
b) Manipulated variable:c) Responding variable:-

COLLECTING
THE DATA
ANALYSING
THE DATA
MAKING
CONCLUSION
WRITING THE
REPORT

5.

6.

7.

8.

R
Q

Physical quantities and their units


1.

2.

3.

Physical quantities are quantities


that can be measured
Physical quantities are measured in
S.I. units (International System of
Units)
S.I. units are standard units in
many countries

PHYSICAL
QUANTITY

S.I. unit Symbo


l

MEASURED BY
USING

LENGTH

meter

MASS

kilogra
m

kg

TIME

second

A metre rule,
opisometer,
measuring tape
Lever balance,
beam balance,
electronic
balance.
Stopwatch

TEMPERATURE

Kelvin

A thermometer

ELECTRIC
CURRENT

Amper
e

An ammeter

We use prefixes to represent quantities


that are very small or very big values.
Prefix

Symbol

Value

mega-

1000000

kilo-

1000

deci-

1/10

centi-

1/100

milli-

1/1000

micro-

1/1000000

THE USE OF MEASURING


TOOLS IN MEASURING:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

LENGTH
AREA
VOLUME
TEMPERATURE
MASS
WEIGHT
TIME
ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. LENGTH
Length is a
distance
between
two points
Can be
measured
by using a
metre rule
and
measuring
tape

Length
1 Straight
line
2 Curve

Measuring tools
Metre rule,
Measuring tape

Thread and ruler,


Opisometer and
ruler
Internal Internal calipers and
diamete metre rule
r
External External calipers
diamete and metre rule
r
Circum- Measuring tape
ference

What is diameter?

Radius

Measuring the
internal diameter
of a boiling tube

Measuring the
external diameter
of a boiling tube

Measuring diameters

Screw
Vernier
gauge
calipers
micrometer
To measure
the length
accurately to
the nearest
0.01mm

To measure
the length
accurately to
the nearest
0.1mm

Internal
callipers
To measure
the internal
diameter of an
object

External
callipers
To measure
the external
diameter of an
object

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

2. AREA OF A SURFACE

Unit = cm2 (square centimetre)


AREA

REGULAR SHAPE
TRIANGLE
CIRCLE
SQUARE
RECTANGLE

Calculated by using
a formula
Estimated by using
a graph paper

IRREGULAR SHAPE
LEAF SHAPE
FLOWER SHAPE
HEART SHAPE
ANIMAL SHAPE

Estimated by using a graph paper


Count only complete square and
half or more than half of the area
of the square.

The area of a regular shape object can be


measured by using a mathematical formula
Triangle

Rectangle

length

height
base
Area of a triangle
= x base x height

Square

breadth

Area of a rectangle
= breadth x length

breadth
Area of a square
= breadth x length

Estimating area by using a graph paper

1cm

Estimated area of the leaf


= Number of ticks counted x 1 cm2
= _____________ x
1 cm2
=______________
cm2
Total surface covered by an object

1cm

3. VOLUME
Volume is the space occupied by an object.

Volume is the space occupied by an object.


Unit = cm3 (cubic centimeter)
SOLID
Unit = ml (milliliter)
LIQUID
1 millilitre (ml) = 1 cubic centimetre (cm3)

MEASURING VOLUME
VOLUME OF LIQUID
Measuring cylinder
Pipette
Burette
Unit = ml

VOLUME OF SOLID
1. Water displacement method
(measuring cylinder)
2. Eureka can @ displacement
can and measuring cylinder

Unit = cm3

Measuring the volume of liquid

Taking the measurement form a


measuring cylinder
Calibration

Meniscus
of the liquid

Taking the measurement form a


measuring cylinder
A

Take the
measurement
at the bottom
of the
meniscus

Precautionary steps taken when


using a measuring cylinder
1.

2.

Place the measuring cylinder on a


flat surface
The eye must be on the same level
as the meniscus.

Taking measurement of a burette

Finding the volume of regular shape


object (solid) by using a formula

Volume of the wooden block = width x length x height

Measuring the volume of irregular shape


object by water displacement method

50 cm3

57 cm3
stone

Volume of irregular shape object


= volume of water and object volume of water without
object

Measuring the volume of irregular shape object that is


too big to fit into a measuring cylinder by using a
Eureka can (displacement can)

TEMPERATURE

Degree

of hotness of an object
Measured by using a thermometer
Unit = C (degrees Celsius)
S.I. unit = Kelvin

TIME

Measured by using a stopwatch


Unit = second (s)

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Measured by using an ammeter


Unit = Ampere (A)

1.Which apparatus below is suitable to


measure the temperature of a hot oven?
2.Which apparatus below is suitable to
measure the body temperature?

WEIGHT

MASS

Matter

MASS AND WEIGHT


WEIGHT

MASS

1.
2.
3.

UNIT = kilogram (kg)


Measured by using
Lever balance
Beam balance
Electronic balance

1.
2.

Unit = Newton (N)


Measured by using
Spring balance
Compression
balance

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MASS


AND WEIGHT

1.

2.

3.

4.

MASS
Is the amount of
matter in an object
Is measured in
kilogram (kg)
Is always the same
everywhere
Can be measured by
a lever balance, a
beam balance or an
electronic balance

1.

2.

3.

4.

WEIGHT
Is the pull of gravity
on an object
Is measured in
Newton (N)
Is not always the
same
Can be measured by
a spring balance and
compression
balance

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