THERMODYNAMICS I

LEARNING OUTCOMES
explain work and heat transfer
apply First Law of Thermodynamics to
engineering systems
analyze non-flow processes
analyze flow processes
apply Second Law of Thermodynamics to
engineering systems
analyze basic properties of steam
analyze air standard cycles in reciprocating
internal combustion engines

COURSE CONTENTS
1.Fundamental Concepts
Units and dimensions, key definitions of
thermodynamic terms, Types of thermodynamic
systems, System properties, Forms of energy and their
transformations.
2.First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition of the First law of thermodynamics, Internal
energy, Reversibility and Irreversibility, Energy balance
of systems, Estimation of heat and work interactions.

COURSE CONTENTS
3.Non-flow Processes
Properties of perfect gases, Standard non-flow
processes, Estimation of heat and work interactions of
such processes
4.Flow Processes
Concept of flow work, Concept of control volume,
Energy equation, Steady Flow Energy Equation
(SFEE), Application of SFEE to standard flow
processes and devices, Estimation of heat and work
interactions of such processes.

COURSE CONTENTS
5.Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition of Second law of thermodynamics, Concept of Heat
Engine and Heat Pump, Heat engine Efficiency, Coefficient of
Performance of Heat Pump, Second law statements, Basic Carnot
Cycle, Carnot Cycle Efficiency and COP, Concept of entropy,
Change of entropy, Estimation of the change of entropy of standard
processes.
6.Properties of Steam
Properties of steam and use of steam tables
Boiler, condenser, turbine, compressor, expansion valve
Carnot Steam Cycle, cycle efficiency, work ratio, specific steam
consumption, isentropic efficiency

COURSE CONTENTS
7.Air Standard Cycles
Reciprocating Internal
Combustion Engines
Otto, Diesel and Dual Cycle
Air Standard efficiency and Mean effective
pressure

References
1. Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles,
Thermodynamics, An Engineering Approach, Tata
McGraw- Hill
2. T.P. Eastop, A. McConkey; Applied Thermodynamics
for Engineering Technologists SI Units, Longman
publishers.
3. G.F.C. Rogers, Y.R. Mathew; ELBS, Engineering
Thermodynamics - Work and Heat Transfer,
Longman publishers
4. R.S. Khurmi & J.K.Gupta, A Text book of Thermal
Engineering, S Chand & Company LTD, New Delhi.

Definition of
thermodynamics
The science concerned with the relations
between heat and mechanical energy or
work, and the conversion of one into the
other
The branch of physical science concerned
with the interrelationship and interconversion of different forms of energy and
the behaviour of macroscopic systems in
terms of certain basic quantities, such as
pressure, temperature, etc

Fundamental Concepts
Units and dimensions
key definitions of thermodynamic terms,
Types of thermodynamic systems
System properties
Forms of energy and their transformations.

Units

Units..

Units

 Thermodynamics
The branch of science that deals with
the study of different forms of energy
and the quantitative relationships
between them.

System
Quantity of matter or a region of space
which is under consideration in the
analysis of a problem.

 Surroundings:
Anything outside the thermodynamic
system is called the surroundings. The
system
is
separated
from
the
surroundings by the boundary. The
boundary may be either fixed or moving.

Closed system:
There is no mass transfer across the
system boundary. Energy transfer may
be there.

 Open system
There may be both matter and energy
transfer across the boundary of the
system.

Isolated system
There is neither matter nor energy
transfer across the boundary of the
system.

 State of the system and state

variable:
The state of a system means the conditions of the
system. It is described in terms of certain
observable properties which are called the state
variables, for example, temperature (t), pressure
(p), and volume (v).

 State function:
A physical quantity is a state function in
the change in its value during the
process depends only upon the initial
state and final state of the system and
does not depend on the path by which
the change has been brought about.

 Macroscopic system and its properties:

If as system contains a large number of
chemical species such as atoms, ions, and
molecules, it is called macroscopic system.
Extensive
properties:These
properties
depend upon the quantity of matter
contained in the system. Examples are; mass,
volume, heat capacity, internal energy,
enthalpy, entropy
properties:These
properties
Intensive
depend only upon the amount of the
substance present in the system, for
example, temperature, refractive index,
density, surface tension, specific heat,
freezing point, and boiling point.

 Types of thermodynamic processes:

We say that a thermodynamic process has
occurred when the system changes from
one state (initial) to another state (final).

Isothermal process:
When the temperature of a system
remains constant during a process, we call
it isothermal. Heat may flow in or out of
the system during an isothermal process.

Adiabatic process:
No heat can flow from the system to the
surroundings or vice versa.

 Isochoric process:
It is a process during which the volume of
the system is kept constant.

Isobaric process:
It is a process during which the pressure
of the system is kept constant.

Reversible processes:
A
process
which
is
carried
out
infinitesimally slowly so that all changes
occurring in the direct process can be
exactly reversed and the system remains
almost in a state of equilibrium with the
surroundings at every stage of the process

 The word system is very commonly

used in thermodynamics;
Certain quantity of matter or the space
which is under thermodynamic study
or analysis is called as system.
engine of the vehicle, in this case
engine is called as the
system,refrigerator, air-conditioner,
washing machine, heat exchange, etc.

Types of Thermodynamic Systems

There are three mains types of system
open system
closed system and
isolated system
All these have been described below

Open system
The system in which the transfer of mass as well as
energy can take place across its boundary is called as an
open system. Our previous example of engine is an open
system. In this case we provide fuel to engine and it
produces power which is given out, thus there is
exchange of mass as well as energy. The engine also
emits heat which is exchanged with the surroundings.
The other example of open system is boiling water in an
open vessel, where transfer of heat as well as mass in the
form of steam takes place between the vessel and
surrounding.

Closed system
The system in which the transfer of energy takes
place across its boundary with the surrounding,
but no transfer of mass takes place is called as
closed system. The closed system is fixed mass
system. The fluid like air or gas being compressed
in the piston and cylinder arrangement is an
example of the closed system. In this case the
mass of the gas remains constant but it can get
heated or cooled. Another example is the water
being heated in the closed vessel, where water
will get heated but its mass will remain same.

Isolated system
The system in which neither the transfer of mass
nor that of energy takes place across its boundary
with the surroundings is called as isolated
system. For example if the piston and cylinder
arrangement in which the fluid like air or gas is
being compressed or expanded is insulated it
becomes isolated system. Here there will neither
transfer of mass nor that of energy. Similarly hot
water, coffee or tea kept in the thermos flask is
closed system. However, if we pour this fluid in a
cup, it becomes an open system.

System Properties
Macroscopic characteristics of a system to
which a numerical value can be assigned
at a given time without knowledge of the
history of the system, e.g., mass, volume,
pressure

Type of system properties

Extensive the property value for the
system is the sum of the values of the
parts into which the system is divided
(depends on the system size) e.g.,
mass, volume, energy

Intensive

the
property
is
independent of system size (value
may vary throughout the system),
e.g., pressure, temperature

What is Energy
Transformation?
Theconservation
of
energy
principlestates that energy can neither
be destroyed nor created. Instead, energy
just transforms from one form into
another.
So what exactly is energy transformation?
Well, as you might guess,energy
transformationis defined as the process
of changing energy from one form to
another.

Energy Transformation
There are so many different kinds of energy that
can transform from one form to another. There is
energy from chemical reactions calledchemical
energy,
energy
from
thermal
processes
calledheat energy, and energy from charged
particles calledelectrical energy. The process
offission, which is splitting atoms, and fusion,
which is combining atom gives us another type of
energy callednuclear energy. And finally, the
energy of motion,kinetic energy, and the energy
associated with position,potential energy, are
collectively called mechanical energy.

Extensive and Intensive

property

Energy Form

Gravitational or potential
energy

Kinetic Energy

Flow Energy

Flow energy

Internal Energy

Enthalpy

Energy Transfer

Heat Transfer

Heat Transfer

Work Transfer

Work Transfer

Example

key definitions of
thermodynamic terms

Thermodynamic systems

Thermodynamic systems

Non flow system

Non Flow system

Steady flow system

Steady flow system

Examples

Examples..