STEAM TURBINE

working
principle, types, compounding

KHIT, Guntur

Prasad Vejendla
Faculty in
Mechanical
Engineering
KHIT, Guntur

Layout of Steam Power plant

KHIT, Guntur

Asteamturbineis a prime mover in which

potential energy is converted into kinetic
energyandthentoMechanicalenergy.
PotentialEnergy
Kineticenergy
MechanicalEnergy

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Steam passage
Boiler-Super heaterEconomiser-Air pre heaterTurbine- Condenser
Water flow
Condenser-Feed water
pump- Boiler

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WORK IN A TURBINE VISUALIZED

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DescriptionofcommontypesofTurbines.
1.ImpulseTurbine.
2.ReactionTurbine.
The main difference between these two
turbines lies in the way of expanding the
steamwhileitmovesthroughthem.

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KHIT, Guntur

Intheimpulseturbine,thesteamexpands
in the nozzles and it's pressure does not
alterasitmovesovertheblades.
In the reaction turbine the steam
expanded continuously as it passes over
thebladesandthusthereisgraduallyfallin
the pressure during expansion below the
atmosphericpressure.

PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM FOR

A TURBINE NOZZLE

PRESSURE

ENTRANCE
HIGH THERMAL ENERGY
HIGH PRESSURE
LOW VELOCITY
STEAM INLET

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EXIT
LOW THERMAL ENERGY
LOW PRESSURE
HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST

VELOCITY

SimpleimpulseTurbine.
It the impulse turbine, the steam
expandedwithinthenozzleandthereisnoany
change in the steam pressure as it passes
overtheblades

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IMPULSE TURBINE PRINCIPLE

ROTOR

NOZZLE

STEAM
CHEST
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PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM
FOR
A MOVING IMPULSE BLADE
DIRECTION OF SPIN

REPRESENTS MOVING
IMPULSE BLADES

PRESSURE
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE
HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM INLET

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KHIT, Guntur

EXIT
LOW VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST

VELOCITY

ReactionTurbine
In this type of turbine, there is a
gradual pressure drop and takes place
continuously over the fixed and moving
blades.Therotationoftheshaftanddrum,
which carrying the blades is the result of
both impulse and reactive force in the
steam. The reaction turbine consist of a
rowofstationarybladesandthefollowing
rowofmovingblades
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The fixed blades act as a nozzle which

are attached inside the cylinder and the
movingbladesarefixedwiththerotoras
showninfigure
When the steam expands over the
blades there is gradual increase in
volume and decrease in pressure. But
the velocity decrease in the moving
bladesandincreasesinfixedbladeswith
changeofdirection.

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Because of the pressure drops in each

stage, the number of stages required in a
reaction turbine is much greater than in a
impulseturbineofsamecapacity.
Italsoconcludedthatasthevolume
of steam increases at lower pressures
therefore the diameter of the turbine must
increaseaftereachgroupofbladerings.

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PES

REACTION TURBINE PRINCIPLE

ROTOR

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STEAM CHEST
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PRESSURE-VELOCITY DIAGRAM
FOR
A MOVING REACTION BLADE
DIRECTION OF SPIN

REPRESENTS MOVING
REACTION BLADES

PRESSURE
TURBINE
SHAFT
ENTRANCE
HIGH PRESSURE
HIGH VELOCITY
STEAM INLET

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EXIT
LOW PRESSURE
LOW VELOCITY
STEAM EXHAUST

VELOCITY

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CompoundinginSteamTurbine.

Thecompoundingisthewayof
reducingthewheelorrotorspeedofthe
turbinetooptimumvalue.
Differentmethodsofcompoundingare:
1.VelocityCompounding
2.PressureCompounding
3.PressureVelocityCompounding.

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In a Reaction turbine compounding

can be achieved only by Pressure
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Guntur

VelocityCompounding:

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There are number of moving blades separated by

rings of fixed blades as shown in the figure.All the
movingbladesarekeyedonacommonshaft.When
the steam passed through the nozzles where it is
expanded to condenser pressure. It's Velocity
becomes very high. This high velocity steam then
passesthroughaseriesofmovingandfixedblades.
Whenthesteampassesoverthemovingbladesit's
velocitydecreases.Thefunctionofthefixedblades
is to re-direct the steam flow without altering it's
velocity to the following next row moving blades
whereaworkisdoneonthemandsteamleavesthe
turbinewithallowvelocityasshownindiagram.

VelocityCompounding

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PressureCompounding:
These are the rings of moving blades which are
keyedonasameshaftinseries,areseparatedby
theringsoffixednozzles.
Thesteamatboilerpressureentersthefirst
set of nozzles and expanded partially. The kinetic
energyofthesteamthusobtainedisabsorbedby
moving blades. The steam is then expanded
partially in second set of nozzles where it's
pressureagainfallsandthevelocityincreasethe
kineticenergysoobtainedisabsorbedbysecond
ringofmovingblades.
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PressureCompounding

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Pressurevelocitycompounding:
Thismethodofcompoundingisthecombinationoftwo
previouslydiscussedmethods.Thetotaldropinsteam
pressure is divided into stages and the velocity
obtainedineachstageisalsocompounded.Therings
ofnozzlesarefixedatthebeginningofeachstageand
pressure remains constant during each stage as
showninfigure.Theturbineemployingthismethodof
compounding may be said to combine many of the
advantages of both pressure and velocity staging By
allowing a bigger pressure drop in each stage, less
number stages are necessary and hence a shorter
turbinewillbeobtainedforagivenpressuredrop.
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PRESSURE-VELOCITY COMPOUNDED

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Reaction turbine pressure

compounding

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THANK YOU

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