PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

OF POWER CONTROL IN
CDMA, GSM, WCDMA
UNDER PERFECT POWER,
IMPERFECT POWER AND
ADAPTIVE POWER AND
APPLICATIONS TO
ADAPTIVE POWER
CONTROL
SUBMITTED
BY:
Er.Amit Mahajan
 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
OF CDMA SYSTEMS WITH
PERFECT POWER,
IMPERFECT POWER AND
ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL
 CDMA technology has the potential to
provide a significant improvement in the
capacity of cellular radio systems compared
with FDMA and TDMA systems. However,
this improvement is dependent upon the
effectiveness of the power control system,
especially on the reverse link. In the
absence of power control, a BS would
receive a much stronger signal from a
subscriber unit that is geographically close
to it than from a subscriber unit that is
farther away.
Consider a CDMA WLL single cell system consists of
subscriber units transmitting to a BS receiver on the
reverse-link
• The signal transmitted from the ith
user to its BS is given by
• The signal at the output of the
matched filter is given by
 PERFECT POWER
CONTROL
• To reduce the near-far problem, as well
as the interference from other users
and hence to increase the capacity of
CDMA WLL system, it is important to
apply a power control on the reverse
link so that the received power from
each user at the BS is controlled to be
the constant target power, The
outage probability of the single cell
system is defined as
 IMPERFECT POWER
CONTROL
• In a practical system, the power
control is not perfect. So, the
received signal power from the ith
user at its BS will differ from the
target power level. This power error
is a random variable with a
standard deviation .
 CONCLUSION
• CDMA technology has the potential to
provide a significant improvement in the
capacity of WLL systems compared with
FDMA and TDMA systems. However, this
improvement is dependent upon the
effectiveness of the power control system,
especially on the reverse link. In this
paper, a theoretical model to evaluate the
reverse-link capacity of CDMA WLL
systems in terms of outage probability,
taking into account the power control
error, is obtained. The results show that
the capacity degradation, due to
imperfect power control, is about 25.8%,
 ADAPTIVE STEP POWER
CONTROL
• The Adaptive Step Power Control
(ASPC) is a closed loop power
control mechanism that was
originally proposed for uplink
transmission using adaptive step
sizes as opposed to fixed step
sizes, in order to achieve faster
convergence towards the target
SIR. In our study, we have adapted
this algorithm for downlink
transmission using the following
• The mobile stations measure the observed value of the SIR at
each iteration and compare them with a preset threshold value.
 


• If the observed SIR is larger than the threshold, then the mobile
sends a power–down command to the base station. Otherwise,
it sends a power–up comand.


• The first power update command is interpreted as a fixed step

modification, as suggested . However, we adapt the step size
dynamically if successive feedback commands request
additional change in the power level in the same direction, to
ensure faster convergence.
 


• The base station interprets the power control command from each
mobile station and updates the transmit power accordingly.
 


• The power control updates take place in multiple steps of different

sizes.
 

 ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL
ALGORITHM
• MODIFIED ADAPTIVE STEP POWER CONTROL (WITH BUFFER)
• The steps of operation in the M-ASPC algorithm are as
 follows:
 


• 1) The mobile stations measure the observed value of the SIR at each iteration
and compare them with the preset lower and upper critical threshold values.


• 2) If the observed SIR is smaller than the lower critical threshold, then the
mobile sends a power–up command to the base station. The first power
update command is interpreted as a fixed step modification; however, we
dynamically adjust the step size if successive feedback commands request
additional change in the power level in the same direction.
 


• 3) If the observed threshold is between the lower and the upper critical
threshold values, then the mobile does not send any control signal to the
base station. Thus, we eliminate the oscillations observed at low outage
percentages in MSPC.
 


• 4) The increment size is chosen larger than the decrement size. This ensures
that mobiles in outage can quickly come out of outage.

OUTAGE PERCENTAGE VERSUS NUMBER OF
ITERATIONS
FOR THE MULTI-STEP SIR BASED POWER CONTROL

ALGORITHM
• OUTAGE PERCENTAGE VERSUS NUMBER OF
ITERATIONS FOR THE ADAPTIV STEP
POWER CONTROL ALGORITHM

OUTAGE PERCENTAGE VERSUS NUMBER OF


ITERATIONS FOR THE MOPDIFIED ADAPTIVE

STEP POWER CONTROL ALGORITHM

 OUTAGE PERCENATGE VERSUS NUMBER
OF ITERATIONS FOR THE DIFFERENT
ADAPTIVE STEP POWER CONTROL
ALGORITHM
 CONCLUSION
• M-ASPC algorithm outperformed both
ASPC and MSPC in terms of rate of
reduction of outage probability and
convergence.
•
POWER CONTROL IN GSM
• The control of the power transmitted
by the radio base stations has been
proposed to reduce the output
power level and thus to reduce
interference and increase the life
time of the equipment. The
reduction of interference implies
some improvements of the quality
or allows to increase the capacity of
a GSM cellular system.
The basic algorithm is :
 

•
• The theoretical analysis has shown the
influence of the different power
control algorithm settings in presence
of various interference environments
 By reducing this spreading, the
network capacity can be increased or
the mean communication quality
improved. A stability study has
demonstrated that unstable states
exist, also when the parameters are
assigned in their domains of availability
 THE IMPACT OF POWER
CONTROL ON WCDMA
 Within the broad field of
communications, considerable interest
has been drawn towards High Altitude
Platforms (HAPs) the past few years
owing to their appealing features.
Among the multitude of services that
HAP systems are able to provide, HAPs
have the potential to deliver 3G
communication services. In this letter,
we examine the impact of both
imperfect power control and multiuser
detection (MUD) on the uplink of a
WCDMA HAP system.
SYSTEM MODEL

• We also assume that users are

positioned inside each cell
according to a uniform distribution.
Additionally, the number of users n
in each cell is Poisson distributed
•

where λ is the average number

of users per cell.
 INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS

• The quality of the uplink may be represented in terms

of the energy per bit to noise power spectral density
ratio Eb/N0

 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF
ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL IN WCDMA
 The capacity of WCDMA systems is limited by
the total interference generated by other
users . Hence, a mechanism to ensure that the
transmission signal power from every user is
kept at minimum is essential for WCDMA
systems. Power Control (PC) mechanism is
responsible for eliminating the near-far effect
especially in the uplink direction (users to Node
B) which is the main focus of this paper. PC
mechanism aims to equalise the received signal
power from all users. This is not an easy task
because the signal transmitted through a radio
channels subjects to many attenuations such as
path-loss due to distance, shadowing due to
shielding phenomenon and multipath fading
 ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL
ALGORITHMS
•  Kim’s Adaptive Power Control
• Blind Adaptive Closed-Loop Power
Control
• Speed Adapted Closed-Loop Power
Control
• Mobility Based Adaptive Closed-Loop
PC
•
 CONCLUSION
• In this paper, four adaptive power control algorithms
namely AS-CLPC, BA-CLPC, M-ACLPC,and SA-CLPC as
well as the conventional UMTS power control
algorithm have been reviewed. The performance of
all of them have been evaluated and compared
under the same simulation environment and
assumptions. The simulation results show that
ASCLPC can achieve the best performance in terms
of PCE at a low speed (slower than 25 km/h). At a
speed beyond 25 km/h, SA-CLPC is the best. At a
low speed, AS-CLPC which does not need
information of the optimum stepsize and user speed
can perform better than SA-CLPC which needs to
know both of the information. This means it is
possible to modify SA-CLPC with the use of AS-CLPC
at lowspeed. The new algorithm will act as AS-CLPC
when the speed is low and it will act as SA-CLPC
when users moving faster (assumed the same
information as SACLPC is available).
APPLICATIONS TO
ADAPTIVE POWER
CONTROL
ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL
FOR MICROWAVE
COMMUNICATIONS
• Terrestrial point-to-point microwave
communication link in tropical region
faces excess path attenuation due to
rainfall. The rain attenuation causes
the receiving signal falls below
threshold level required for specific bit
error-rate (BER) performance.
Adaptive power control is design to
solve this problem. It increases the
transmitting power level according to
the signal level arrives in receiver. To
improve the SNR, the receiving signal
should be increased or the noise
power level should be reduced
• Adaptive power control is an electronic
system that controls the transmitting
power level by referring to the
receiving signal. It increases the
transmitting power automatically
when it rains and the signal goes
below threshold. During the fine
weather, the transmitting power is
maintain at low level. This system can
be programmed for different control
scheme and therefore can be installed
into microwave system with different
specifications. The adaptive power
control system is integrated into the
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
ADAPTIVE POWER
CONTROL
ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL
FOR SPACE
COMMUNICATIONS
• NASA requires that the CEV supports
two communication links: space-to-
ground and crosslink simultaneously.
The crosslink will generate excess
interference to the space-to-ground
link as the distances between the two
vehicles decreases, if the output
power is fixed and optimized for the
worst-case link analysis at the
maximum distance range. As a result,
power control is required to maintain
the optimal power level for the
crosslink without interfering with the
space-to-ground link
• For terrestrial applications, DSSS systems are
advantageous because they provide
increased capacity and security. However,
DSSS systems are interference-limited. As a
result, power control techniques are used to
minimize the interference. In current space
communication systems, power control
techniques are not implemented and are
sensitive to interference from other users.
The possibility of failure to acquire or false
carrier lock increases as the interference
increases. Without power control, space
communication systems are not able to
optimize the power level while minimizing
interference, especially for cross link
communications. Figure 1 illustrates a typical
communication scenario for future lunar
 ADAPTIVE TRANSMIT
POWER CONTROL IN IEEE
802.11a WIRELESS LANs
• In wireless local-area networks (WLANs),
most wireless devices such as laptops and
palmtops are Battery-powered, and
extending the operating time of such
devices is always desirable and important.
A WLAN device normally operates in one
of the following modes: transmit mode,
receive mode, or leeping mode. Applying
transmit power control (TPC) in WLAN
systems, which allows a WLAN device to
use one of the available power levels in
transmit mode, is naturally an attractive
idea to save battery energy and has been
receiving considerable attention. IEEE
 POWER CONTROL
ALGORITHM FOR 3G
CELLULAR CDMA
• Adaptive power control algorithms has been widely
studied for NETWORKS
interference reduction, base station
radiation decrease and terminal battery saving in
3G cellular systems. Indus paper, we study some of
the existent adaptive power control algorithms and
we propagation an evolution of these algorithms in
the forward link. In the proposed algorithm, we try
to maintain the inter cell interference stable and to
reduce intra cell interference when it is possible.
Therefore, the power control steps of mobiles
requesting a power increase may be reduced to
limit the total power increase if some constraints
are verified. The proposed algorithm uses an
adaptive step, which is updated using the
instantaneous mobile power control command and
the command history. Moreover, a stabilization zone
above the SIR target is used to limit oscillations.
ADAPTIVE POWER CONTROL
FOR SINGLE CHANNEL Ad
Hoc NETWORKS
• Power control for mobile ad hoc networks has received
increasing interest in recent years by the research
community. Power control can be invoked to achieve
different objectives, among which the most popular
goals of either increasing the network throughput
by mitigating the effects of interference on a node
or ensuring minimal power consumption. In this
paper, we propose a power control algorithm for ad
hoc networks to improve network throughput. As
such, we study and exploit the correlation that
exists between the appropriate transmit power of
successive RTS, CTS, DATA and ACK frames and
propose an adaptive power control algorithm in the
framework of the IEEE802.11 MAC protocol. As
opposed to some alternative approaches our
algorithm operates in a single channel and does not
require additional hardware support, which makes it
very appropriate for the existing IEEE 802.11 based
networks