1.
2.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
MODEL DISCRIPTION
3.
4.
METHODOLOGY
CLUTTER TUNNING
5.
7.
MODEL TUNNING
6.
CONCLUSION
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report describes the scope of work carried out by CMPAK RF Planning in fulfilment of the requirements to
calibrate the wireless propagation model. Field trials have been conducted on outdoor measurements at the
street level in a varying clutter classes. A generic terrain and clutter based propagation model has been
formulated using AIRCOM radio network planning tool Asset. Following workflow was used in carrying out this
activity.
The use of calibrated model gives a realistic indication of cell site count and assists in estimating the capital
outlay and time scales required to provide the desired coverage and roll-out. Furthermore the use of
calibrated model provides some assurance in the choice of transmitting sites and expected signal coverage,
which would result in better frequency plan and better knowledge and better representation of C/I in the
network.
This report describes the procedures adopted and result obtained from the measurements and modeling work.
Idle mode drive test of the Islamabad city by the QOS team.
Analysis/comparison of the drive test & prediction results to obtain calibrated model.
Iteration/tuning of model on bases of comparison results.
Provision of technical report of above mentioned activities.
MODEL DESCRIPTION
CLUTTER
OFFSET
CLUTTER
SEPERATION
AVG.CLUTTER
HEIGHT
0
0
0
0
0
1.14
-3.5
0
0
0.73
-0.48
0
-0.77
0
0
-3.12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
S.No
CLUTER NAME
CLUTTER
OFFSET
CLUTTER
SEPERATION
AVG.CLUTTER
HEIGHT
Unclassified
Open
Sea
Inlandwater
Residential
MeanUrban
1.5
DenseUrban
Building
Village
Industrial
3.95
12
20
10
OpeninUrban
11
Forest
0.2
12
Parks
13
Agriculture
14
DenseUrbanHigh
15
Blockbuildings
10
10
16
Denseblockbuilding
17
Rural
18
Residhigh
3.97
10
19
dbbhigh
20
bbhigh
21
DenseUrbanlow
22
Semiopenarea
23
Openwetarea
24
Forestsparse
ASSET GENERAL
CONFIGURATION
The standard macro cell model in Asset 3G is based upon the Okumura-Hata empirical model.
The basis equation in path loss calculation is given as follows :
L(p) = K1+K2log(d)+K3(Hms)+K4log(Hms)+K5log(Heff)+K6log(Heff)log(d)+K7.Ldiff+Lclutter
Where:
Lp , Ldiff and Lclutter are in dB and d,Hms and Heff are in meters .
In addition to the basic pathloss calculation the following refinements are available with in the model
Four different algorithms for calculating total diffraction loss (Ldiff) due to multiple knife edges along a profile
from base station to mobile.
The facility to set end point clutter loss offsets for each clutter type.
The facility to set clutter and/or mobile heights for each clutter type which are then added to terrain height
(and hence influence the diffraction calculation) when calculating propagation loss from base station to
mobile.
METHODOLOGY
Clutter classes residing in the city of Islamabad are shown in this snap.
Legends of the color scheme displayed are also shown on the right .
DT ROUTS
Above snap shows the covered DT routs in the city of Islamabad, on the bases of
which, model/clutter tuning activity is carried out.
SECTOR SELECTION
Sample sectors, which were covering most of the DT routes in most of the clutter classes within a Islamabad, were selected.
The sectors were selected such that their presence in all the clutter classes was uniform. More percentage of target sectors in any particular clutter class
would not give accurate results.
For overlapping areas, the best server was considered.
Following are the sectors selected residing in Islamabad in their corresponding clutter type.
Only 4 major clutter classes were found in Islamabad.
Corresponding sectors of sites mentioned in table below were selected for the activity.
CLUTTER
TYPE
Industrial
Mean Urban
Residential
High
Block
Building
SITE ID
8866
8125
8187
8321
8166
8005
9548
8034
9088
8042
In order to have tuned clutter offsets, Islamabad and Rawalpindi were to be tuned in parallel as they are twin city and have well
distributed clutter classes.
Following are the sectors across clutter classes selected in Rawalpindi.
Model/clutter tuning for following clutter type shall be carried out as the DT logs for Rawalpindi is available.
CLUTTER TYPE
Dense Urban
Low
Dense Block
Building
Open In Urban
Dense Urban
Residential
SITE ID
9129
8806
8011
8088
9007
9543
8866
8125
8187
8795
8167
8138
SITE CONFIGURATION
CORRELATION ACTIVITY
Correlation activity was done on above mentioned selected sector, using planning tool (Asset). Below are the
correlation plots for Islamabad city.
The values below are calculated by taking difference between field (measured) data and simulation data.
Positive values indicate that measured data is better than simulated data and vice versa.
Over 1000 drive test RSSI samples for each clutter type were compared with prediction.
Clutter wise correlation stats are as follows before clutter tuning:
Clutter
Type
Mean
Urban
Industrial
Forests
Blockbuild
ings
Residhigh
Mean
Error
Standard
Deviation
Correlati
on
<1db
Error
<2db
Error
<6db
Error
Abs Mean
Error
7.2
8.9
4.9
8.5
11
6.8
0.45
0.38
0.75
22.00%
18.00%
67.00%
46.00%
32.00%
71.00%
65.00%
60.00%
85.00%
7.2
8.9
4.9
10.2
9.8
19
21
0.33
0.28
16.00%
17.38%
16.70%
17.95%
43.00%
42.43%
10.20
9.8
The Clutter Wise Correlation results deviate due to the de correlation of points outside the main beam and the
offset of clutter data compared to the drive test data.
Since it can be seen that correlation between the predicted RSSI and drive test observed RSSI is well below 1.
This value has to be closer to 1 in order to have maximized correlation between observed and predicted
values.
Clutter offset values were changed(increased/decreased) and comparison was carried out with drive test logs.
Mean error, standard deviation, correlation and absolute errors were recalculated until following values were observed.
Clutter
Mean
Standard
Correlati <1db
<2db
<6db
Abs Mean
Type
Error
Deviation
on
Error
Error
Error
Error
Mean
Urban
2.9
4.2
0.81
39.00% 61.00% 91.00%
5.3
Industrial
1.8
6.6
0.87
43.00% 57.00% 87.00%
6.9
Forests
3.1
5.86
0.84
65.00% 7.93% 92.00%
6.12
Blockbuild
The comparison
between2.65
pre & post analysis
new clutter
offset values
mean error,
ings
5.2 shows that
0.91with 43.00%
66.00%
92.36%
5.25 standard deviation and
absolute mean
error
has
reduced
where
as
correlation
between
observed
and
predicted
values
are raised closer to 1.
Residhigh
2.34
3.5
0.93
35.00% 72.40% 90.00%
3.9
Below graph elaborate the improved correlation and reduced mean error and standard deviation.
MEAN ERROR
STANDARD DEVIATION:
CORRELATION:
Model Tuning
The overall objective of model tuning is to minimize error between the propagation model and drive test
results. The metrics used to quantify the error are the mean ,rms and standard deviation of the error.
ITERATION PROCESS
The generic iterative calibration process is as follows :
Performing an analysis in Asset 3G to quantify the error between the predicted and actual.
Perform appropriate filtering on survey data in order to concentrate on those points relevant to setting a
particular parameter.
Alter the model parameter in question and re-analyze against the measure data.
If the change was beneficial ( i.e. it has reduced the standard deviation between the propagation model and
CW data ) than keep it and move on to the next parameter. If not make another adjustment to the model.
Repeat the above steps until the standard deviation cannot be reduced any further.
Calculating K Values
Graphing the data using the Asset3G graph feature within the CW measurement tool.
Exporting the data and analyzing in spreadsheet application. Using this method it is possible to set the slope
and intercept values manually.
The next figure shows the graph between received signal level vs. distance.A best fit line is drawn through the
points using a manual iterative process of manually setting K1 and K2.
The mean error is than calculated and the process is repeated until the error is no more reduced.
K7 (Diffraction Parameter)
Since diffraction occurs only in NLOS environment , so in order to determine the K7 parameter the survey data
needs to be filtered to exclude the LOS data. After the data is filtered the height and separation of the clutters
is entered. Now the value of K7 was changed to further reduce the standard deviation. Adjusting K7 resulted in
a change in the mean error due to which the values of k1 is again adjusted.
POST TUNING
CORRELATION & RESULTS
PRE-TUNING COMPARISON
POST-TUNING COMPARISON
POST-TUNING COMPARISON
PRE-TUNING COMPARISON
POST-TUNING COMPARISON
CONCLUSION
Clutter tuning for the city of Islamabad has been successfully performed and the results show a better
comparison between predicted and field values.
Values of K1 and K2 are yet to be finalized as the appropriate tool(RANOPT) is unavailable.
For manual calculations(as shown in presentation), over 1000 samples needs to be compared via graphical point
of intercept and slope method.
Working is under way for these calculations.
Main decisive or differentiating factor for any model are the constants that create signal propagation variation
over clutter types.
In Asset3G, we have clutter offset values which makes signal propagation differential over varying clutter.
Values of K1 K7 are effective for overall efficiency of the model and have a slightly weaker effect over
varying clutter as compared to clutter offset.
After availability of detailed DT logs of Rawalpindi, clutter tuning for Rawalpindi shall also be carried out
which would complete the clutter & model tuning activity for the twin city.