STAGES IN LIFE OF A

BUILDING
1. DESIGN

Materials appropriate to the building

design, function and environment
must be selected.
Designers must be aware of the
limitations as well as the
opportunities associated with
individual materials, and how they
interact with each other.

2.
CONSTRUCTI
To use specified materials in the
ON
correct manner and to identify
potential defects.
3.
MAINTENANC
Effective maintenance depends upon
E
knowledge of how materials react
with their environment over the
planned lifetime.
4. REPAIR
5.
DEMOLITION/RECYCLI
NG

PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA

1. STRUCTURAL
SAFETY
The ability to withstand stresses
resulting from gravity, wind, thermal
or moisture movement, or other
sources.
2. FIRE
The material must behave
acceptably in resisting fire spread,
release of dangerous substances in
fire and retaining satisfactory
structural ability.

3. DURABILITY
The material should fulfill the
performance criteria for the planned
life of the building.
4. HEALTH/SAFETY
There should be no risk to health due
to chemical or physical effects of the
material, both during and after
construction.

MATERIAL
PROPERTIES

IDENTIF
Y

MEASU
RE

DEFINE

STANDARDIZ
E

SPECIF
Y

REGULA
TE

Most
standards
represent
basic
performance levels. When higher
levels are required they may have to
be drafted carefully for a given
specification.
Standards measure performance in a
carefully defined reproducible manner.
They are subject to change as
understanding of materials properties
increases, experimental techniques
improve
and
performance
requirements evolve.

The best evidence of conformity is

obtained when independent tests are
carried out by some qualified testing
authority.
Sample Standards:
1.British Standards
2.ASTMS Standards
3.ISO Standards
4.Philippine standards

QUALITY
Quality can be simply defined as
fitness for purpose.
There will always be a cost implication
as the target quality levels rise.
Factors to be considered when arriving
a target level for a specific item:
1. What are the possible failure
modes?
2. What are the consequences of
failure in safety terms?

3. How easy it is to inspect/maintain

the item?
4. How easy/costly would it be to
replace the item if it failed?

QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the practical
procedure which assists in the
production of a quality product.

QUALITY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM

Quality management involves the

operation of a comprehensive system
of
quality
control,
including
employment of a quality manager to
oversee the maintenance of quality
standards and keeping of systematic
written records of every part of a
design, production, or other process.

The best way of operating quality

management is by means of a
recognized
quality
management
system (QMS).
The first widespread system to be
operated was BS 5750 from 1979, and
was adopted by ISO as ISO 9000 in
1987 and the harmonized version,
produced in 1994 published as BS ISO
9000.

MATERIALS PERFORMANCE
AND ITS MEASUREMENT
1.STABILITY (STRUCTURAL)
2.SAFETY IN FIRE
3.DURABILITY
4.SAFETY IN USE AND HEALTH
5.ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

STABILITY
(STRUCTURAL)
Strength
Strength may be defined as the ability
to resist failure or excessive plastic
deformation under stress.

Stiffness
Stiffness is the ability of a material to
resist elastic deformation under load.
Elastic deformation is the deformation
which is recovered when the load is
removed.
Toughness
Toughness is the ability of a material
to absorb energy by impact or sudden
blow.

Hardness
Harness is resistance to
indentation
under
stress.

Creep
Creep is the effect of long-term stress,
leading to additional distortion or
failure.

Fatigue
Fatigue is the effect of load reversal
such as vibrations which lead to
failure at relatively low stresses.
All materials are subject to fatigue
effects and, in some situations for
example, roads or floors subject to
heavy moving loads, or machine
frames fatigue may be the critical
factor in design.

SAFETY IN FIRE
Combustion is the process involving
chemical reaction of a fuel (usually
organic material containing carbon)
with oxygen in the presence of heat.

Chief hazards (fire):

a. Heat itself causes burns.
b. Fire may endanger the structure.
c. Many materials generate toxic
fumes when they are heated.
d. Materials often generate smoke,
which makes breathing difficult and
tends
to
cause
panic
and
disorientation as people try to
escape.

DURABILITY
A material may be said to be durable
in any one situation if it fulfills all its
performance requirements, either for
the planned lifetime of the building, or
for a shorter defined period where this
is acceptable.

SAFETY IN USE AND

HEALTH

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Key aspects of environmental
performance:
a. Embodied Energy
b. Recycling potential
c. Environmental management
Embodied Energy
Materials which take less energy to
convert them from raw materials
into the final, in-situ products.
In seeking new materials, emphasis
should be given to those materials
which consume less energy in their
manufacturing process.

Recycling Potential
Materials/situations
in
which
disposal is the only practical option
should be regarded as failures in a
environmental sense.
Goals:
a. Reduction
of
raw
materials
consumption
b. Reduction of fuel consumption in
manufacture
c. Reduction in waste generation

Environmental
Management
Avoidance:
a. Depletion of finite resources.
b. Adversely affecting the environmental
by pollution or waste.
c. Adversely affecting the environment
by energy emission.
d. Adversely affecting the environment in
a broader sense, such as upsetting the
economical balance of wildlife.