OPERATIONS

MANAGEMENT
By:

Pravin Parmar
Sr. Professor (T.M.)

WHY OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT IS

RELEVANT FOR ALL RAILWAYMEN?
It

is the end product of IR

Efficiency of IR depends on its
Operations
Public Image is also depends on
operations to a great extent.
It has direct implication on the
revenue of IR
All departments are contributing to
Railway operations and hence to
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VARIOUS TYPES OF
OPERATIONS

Coaching
Freight

Operations

Operations

Departmental
Rescue

Operations

and Relief Operations

During Accidents
Operations

during abnormal
3

COACHING OPERATIONS
INCLUDE..
Passenger Train Operations
Mixed Train Operations
Parcel Train Operations

DIFFERENT PRODUCTS OF COACHING TRAINS

Premier Services
Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Duranto, Premium trains,
Garibrath etc
Superfast Trains
Long distance Mail/ Express trains
Short Distance Intercity trains
Passenger Trains/Mixed Trains
EMU/MEMU/DEMU Trains
Rail bus
Holiday/ Special Trains
Parcel Trains
5

ISSUES IN PASSENGER
OPERATIONS
Rake

Links : Planning and running of rakes

so as to optimize asset utilization

Loco

Links: loco links are normally from

end to end unless there is change of traction

or operational reasons.
Crew/Guard

Links : Economy, human

aspects and jurisdictions form the criteria

RAKE LINKS
DAY1
1640
DAY 2 0835
DAY 3 1640

BCT

2951 NDLS
0830
1630
REPEAT

NO. OF RAKES REQUIRED 3 1 = 2

PRIMARY MAINTENANCE - BCT
SECONDARY MAINTENANCE - NDLS

ISSUES OF RAKE LINKS

Primary

& Secondary Maintenance

Lie over at terminals
Rake size and Rake Composition
Uniform Rakes exchangeability of
rakes
Effective utilization of assets

Average speed of train

M/E - 50kmph
PASSENGER 36 kmph
GOODS - 25 kmph
8

ASSET UTILISATION

Vehicle utilization /vehicle

day

Coach 550 km
Wagon 265.3 km

BRC SHED - MAIL/EXPRESS LOCO LINK

19113/19114
22929/22930

BLD-BRC EXP

110 KMPH

21

1 WAP5 LOCO LINK

BRC-3

540 KMS/LOCO/DAY (LINK KMS = 540)

DAY

L/O

BLD

BL

NDB

ST

(22930)19114

05.20

11.05
16.25

BH

BRC

ANND

KMS

L/O

07.05

270

(22929)19113

270

20.45

07.05

10.20
TI@BRC
(2700)

10

ISSUES OF LOCO LINKS

No.

of locos required for coaching

services
Against total 2640 rakes, no. of
locos 3400
Maintenance schedules
Lie over at terminals/sheds
Coaching loco utilisation
Average speed of train

M/E - 50kmph
PASSENGER 36 kmph

GOODS - 25 kmph

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CREW LINK (EXAMPLE)

DAY 1

BCT
0600

12009

BRC

12902
DAY 2
2230

ADI
1330
DAY 1

0730

2335

12927

0626

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ISSUES OF CREW LINKS

Working

of trains - Crew HQs,

Working

hours of crews

Rests

& Running rooms

Spare

working

Shortage

of crew

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TERMINAL ISSUES
Availability

of maintenance

Facilities
Availability
Watering/
Catering

of platform

fuelling

halts

Connections
Availability

of staff

14

FACTORS AFFECTING
PUNCTUALITY
Loco / Crew Changing
Fuelling, Watering, Cleaning
Shunting
Parcel Loading Unloading
Asset Failures
Alarm Chain Pulling
Unusual Incidences
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FREIGHT OPERTIONS

16

FREIGHT OPERATIONS
Goods Trains not time tabled
More complex as compared to passenger

operations
Daily planning and monitoring is required
For running each goods train efforts are

required to arrange loco, crew, guard and

most importantly the path.
Goods trains require continuous

monitoring for effective running.

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ISSUES IN FREIGHT
OPERATIONS
Fluctuating

Demands

Availability

of proper wagons

TXR

Examination

Sick

marking/ ROH-POH Marking

Road

side detachments

Pattern
Empty

of traffic

running
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ISSUES IN FREIGHT
OPERATIONS

Crew issues
Crew availability
Crew over hours 10 hours rule
PDD of crew
Loco issues
Availability
Scheduled

of locos

maintenance

Unscheduled
Under

withdrawals/ failures

Powering / Over Powering

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ISSUES IN FREIGHT
OPERATIONS

Running Issues
Availability
Pre-

of path

departure Detentions

Roadside
Speed

regulations

differentials

Terminal related issues

Terminal

Facilities

Terminal

detentions
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MAINTENANCE BLOCKS
Availability

of margin for blocks

Integrated Blocks
Planning in advance use of
technology for reduction in block time
Late running of M/E & Passenger Trains
Heavy pressure of interchange
EMERGENCY BLOCKS
Regulating M/E & Passenger Trains
Single Line Working
Bursting of Blocks
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LINE CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS

Golden

quadrilateral and its

diagonals are saturated routes
No scope to run additional
trains
Call of the day;
Heavy

Haul Operations
Long Haul Operations

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STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVE HIGH

GROWTH

ENHANCED AXLE LOAD OPERATIONS

FROM 20.32 TO 22.9

ROUGH ESTIMATE= IN YEAR 2011-12,

ENHANCED AXLE LOAD CONTRIBUTED 85MT

OUT OF TOTAL 970MT i.e 8.7%

25 T on mineral routes
Extend to all routes
Develop wagons for 25T
Targeted investments on low cost but
high return traffic facility works INCL
TERMINALS
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DOUBLE STACK CONTAINER

TRAINS

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LONG HAUL GOODS TRAIN

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DEDICATED FREIGHT CORRIDORS

Corridors Capable of :

Double Stack Container operation.

Fit for Speeds up to 100 Kmph

Capable of 25/32.5 Tonnes Axle Load

Adoption of liberal Maximum Moving

Dimension

Tare to pay load ratio of 4-5

Longer loops of 1500 m

Feeder routes fit for 25 tonne axle load

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Proposed Freight Corridors

Sanctioned projects

LUDHIANA
DELHI

KOLKATA

MUMBAI

VASCO

VIJAYAWADA
CHENNAI

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GLOBAL COMPARISION
PARAMETER

USA

Route
Kms/million
population 747.40
RKM/Sq Km
area-

NTKM(milli
on)/Route
km

RUSSIA CHINA

FRANCE

GERMANY

JAPAN

INDIA

598.1

45.5

466.5

410.9

157.5

55.2

23.6

4.9

6.4

54.2

94.9

53.0

19.3

12.44

24.84

34.75

NA

NA

NA

7.6

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GLOBAL COMPARISION
PARAMETER

USA

RUSSIA CHINA

FRANCE

GERMONY

JAPAN

INDIA

PKM(million)/
Route km

3.06

2.06

10.84

2.82

2.2

12.6

10.97

NTKM+PKM/
Route km

12.7

26.9

45.6

NA

NA

NA

18.6

16251

10104

10608

NA

NA

NA

6344

15.13

1.4

0.76

0.72

2.09

0.83

NTKM/Wagon/
day

Transportation
Output =
[NTKM(mil) +
PKM(mil)] /
Employee/Year

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GLOBAL COMPARISON-KEY PARAMETERS

Parameter
Heavy-haul
Freight

Indian Railways
5400 Tonnes

Other selected Railways

Chinese Railways- 20,000
T, South African
Railways -22,000t ,
Australian Rail Road 32,000-37,000t ,
Usa-19000t,Brazil-23000t

High Speed Rail

No (maximum
Germany, France,
permissible speed Spain, Japan,
140 kmph)
South Korea, China (250
to 350 kmph)

Fare to freight
ratio

0.26

France 1.3, China-1.2,

Freight marketshare

35%

USA-48%
China-47%
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PRODUCTIVITY COMPARISION
Employee Productivity

Network Productivity

Wagon
Productivity

(Annual)

(Annual)

PKM (million)/
Network
Length

NTKM
(million)/
Wagon

Railways

NTKM
(million)/
Employee

NTKM
PKM
(million)/
(million)/
Network
Employee
Length

Russia

1.81

0.15

21.87

1.80

5.52

China

1.23

0.38

39.66

12.38

4.31

India

0.44

0.66

9.39

14.12

2.73
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ASSET UTILISATION

Engine KM/Engine day

Passenger 612 (Diesel), 674 (Elect.)

Goods
- 407 (Diesel) 482 (Elect.)

Average Load per goods train : 1711

tonnes

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Thank You..

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