CHAPTER SIX

LEARNING
AND
BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION

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 LEARNING DEFINITION

 Robbins:
Learning is any relatively
permanent change in behaviour
that occurs as a result of
experience

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 THEORIES OF LEARNING

1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
2. OPERANT CONDITIONING
3. CONGNITIVE LEARNING
4. SOCIAL LEARNING

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 1. CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING

 A type of conditioning in which an

individual responds to some
stimulus that would not ordinarily
produce such a response.
 Pavlov’s experiment with dogs
S R

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 2. OPERANT CONDITIONING

 A type of conditioning in which desired

voluntary behaviour leads to a reward
or prevents a punishment.

 Skinner’s experiment with piegons

S R

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 3.COGNITIVE LEARNING

 Is learning by deliberate thinking

about the problem or situation
both intuitively and based upon
known facts and responding in an
objective and goal oriented
manner.
 Tolman’s experiment with rats.

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 4. SOCIAL LEARNING

 People can learn through

observation and direct experience
 This theory integrates cognitive
and operant approaches to
learning
 Bandura- role of modeling or
vicarious learning

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 PRINCIPLE OF
REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement is the process by

which certain type of behaviour is
strengthened.

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 BASIC REINFORCEMENT
STRATEGY

Encourage
1. Positive reinforcement desirable
2. Negative reinforcement behaviour

3. Punishment Discourage
undesirable
4. Extinction behaviour

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 SCHEDULES OF
REINFORCEMENT

The speed with which learning

takes place and also how lasting
its effects will be determined by
the timing of reinforcement.

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 REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULE

 Continuous : a desired behaviour is

reinforced each and every time it is
demonstrated.
 Partial : a desired behaviour is reinforced
often enough to make the behaviour
worth repeating but not every time it is
demonstrated.

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 REINFORCEMENT INTERVAL
SCHEDULE

 Fixed interval- rewards are spaced at

uniform time schedules

 Variable interval- rewards are

distributed in time so that
reinforcements are unpredictable

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 REINFORCEMENT-RATIO
SCHEDULE

 Fixed Ratio- rewards are

initiated after a fixed or constant
responses.
 Variable ratio- rewards vary relative
to the behaviour of the individual.

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 OB MODIFICATION

1. Identify critical behaviour

2. Develop base line data
3. Identify behavioural consequences
4. Develop and implement intervention
strategy
5. Evaluate performance
improvements

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 LIMITATIONS OF
BEHAVIOURAL
MODICFICATION
1. Individual differences
PROGRAMME
2. Assuming extrinsic rewards are
key factors
3. Ignoring work group norms
4. Inability to reinforce unobservable
behaviour
5. Reinforce effect tends to wear off

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 CONCLUSION

Learning - Reinforcement
For
Self Management

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