CMPE 151: Network

Administration
Clients

Winter 2005

Client-Server Model

Winter 2005

Client-Server Model

Client File Server Printer Server

Kernel
Kernel
Kernel

Winter 2005

File transfer

Winter 2005

File transfer

Sharing remote files: on-line

access versus file transfer.
On-line access transparent
access to shared files, e.g.,
distributed file system.
Sharing through file transfer: user
copies file then operates on it.
Winter 2005

FTP

File transfer accounted for most of

the Internet traffic until the Web
exploded!
Also uses TCP.
Allows interactive access; format
specification (e.g., binary);
authentication (clients required to
authenticate themselves).
Winter 2005

FTP Operation
Client

Server

Data Control

Data Control

OS

OS
TCP connection

Winter 2005

Anonymous FTP

Allows access to public files.

No need to authenticate user.
Access restricted to publicly
available files (e.g., in /usr/ftp).

Winter 2005

The Web and HTTP

Winter 2005

Some History

Started in 1989 at CERN, European

center for nuclear research, in
Switzerland.
Original motivation: need for
scientists around the world to
collaborate and share multi-media
information.
Tim Berners-Lee came up with
initial proposal of a web of linked
documents
Winter 2005

More History

First text-based prototype demo in

12.91.
Release of first graphical interface,
Mosaic, in 02.93 at NCSA by M.
Andreessen.
In 1994, Andreessen creates Netscape.
In 1994, CERM and MIT set up the
WWW Consortium to further develop the
Web.

www.w3.org for more information.

Winter 2005

The Web

WWW, or the world-wide web is a

resource discovery service.

Resource space is organized

hierarchically, and resources are
linked to one another according to
some relation.
Hypertext organization: link
granularity; allows links within
documents.
Graphical
user interface.
Winter 2005

The client side

Users perceive the Web as a vast

collection of information.

Page is the Webs information transfer unit.

Each page may contain links to other
pages.
Users follow links by clicking on them which
takes them to the corresponding page.
This process can go on indefinetly,
traversing several pages located in different
places.
Winter 2005

The browser

Program running on client that retrieves

and displays pages.

Interacts with server of page.

Interprets commands and displays page.

Examples: Mosaic, Netscapes Navigator

and Communicator, Microsoft Internet
Explorer.
Other features: back, forward, bookmark,
caching, handle multimedia objects.
Winter 2005

DNS

Winter 2005

Domain Name System

(DNS)
IP addresses are not easy to remember.

The Domain Name System (DNS) maps

IP addresses to host names.
Host name is formed by machine name
followed by domain name.
Host_name.domain_name

RFCs 1034 and 1035.

Winter 2005

DNS

Basic function: translation of

names (ASCII strings) to network
(IP) addresses and vice-versa.
Example:

zephyr.isi.edu <-> 128.9.160.160

Winter 2005

DNS
The domain_name is formed by the institutional
site name and the Top-Level Domain name
(TLD).

So the host name is of the

form:machine_name.Ist_site_name.TLD_nam
e

Examples:

sundance.ucsc.edu
soe.ucsc.edu(alias for sundance.ucsc.edu)
italia.cse.ucsc.edu
helios.jpl.nasa.gov
Winter 2005

Top-Level Domains (TLDs)

TLD names identify organization types or
country codes.
Examples:
.com

Commercial org.
.au Australia
.edu Educational site in US
.ca Canada
.gov Government site in US
.fr France
.mil Military organization in US .de Germany
.net Network site
.uk Great Britain
.org Nonprofit organization
.it Italy
.es Spain
Countries define their own internal hierarchy (e.g., .ac.uk, .edu.au)
Winter 2005

DNS hierarchy
Organizations can create any internal DNS
hierarchy.
Authority for creating new subdomains within
a domain name is delegated to each domain.
Administration of ucsc.edu has authority to
create cse.ucsc.edu and need not contact
any central naming authority.

Winter 2005

Example DNS Hierarchy

Winter 2005

DNS Name Space

DNS names are managed by a hierarchy of
DNS servers.

Hierarchy is related to DNS domain hierarchy

Root server at top of tree knows about next

level servers.
Next level servers, in turn, know about lower
level servers.

Winter 2005

Example of DNS Hierarchy

Winter 2005

Example of DSN Hierarchy

Winter 2005

Choosing DNS Server

Architecture

Small organizations can use a single server.

Easy to administer.
Inexpensive.

Large organizations often use multiple

servers.

Reliability through redundancy.

Improved response time through load sharing.

Winter 2005

Name Resolution
Resolving a name means mapping the host
name to the IP address.
Reverse mapping is also possible.
A client computer calls a DNS server for
name resolution
DNS request contains name to be resolved.
DNS reply contains IP address for name in
request.

Winter 2005

Name resolution (contd)

Client DNS (running on client

hosts), or resolver.
Application calls resolver with
name.
Resolver contacts local DNS server
(using UDP) passing the name.
Server returns corresponding IP
address.
Winter 2005

Name resolution (contd)

Application wants to resolve name.

Resolver sends query to local name
server.

Resolver configured with list of local name

servers.
Select servers in round-robin fashion.

If name is local, local name server returns

matching authoritative RRs.

Authoritative RR comes from authority

managing the RR and is always correct.
Cached RRs
may be out of date.
Winter 2005

Name resolution (contd)

If information not available locally

(not even cached), local NS will
have to ask someone else.

It asks the server of the top-level

domain of the name requested.

Winter 2005

Electronic mail

Non-interactive.

Deferred mail (e.g., destination

temporarily unavailable).

Spooling:

Message delivery as background

activity.
Mail spool: temporary storage area
for outgoing mail.
Winter 2005

Mail system
User
sends mail
User
interface
User
reads mail

Outgoing
mail
spool
Mailboxes
incoming
mail

Winter 2005

Client
(send)

TCP
connection
(outgoing)

Server TCP
(receive) connection
(incoming)

Observations

When user sends mail, message

stored is system spool area.
Client transfer runs on background.
Initiates transfer to remote
machine.
If transfer succeeds, local copy of
message removed; otherwise, tries
again later (30 min) for a
maximum interval (3 days).
Winter 2005

Remote access

Winter 2005

Telnet
Users
machine
Telnet
client

Telnet
server

OS

OS
TCP connection
over Internet

Winter 2005

Telnet basic operation

When user invokes telnet, telnet client

on user machine establishes TCP
connection to specified server.
TCP connection established; users
keystrokes sent to remote machine.
Telnet server sends back response,
echoed on users terminal.
Telnet server can accept multiple
concurrent connections.
Winter 2005