Ofdma: LTE Air Interface Course

OFDMA
LTE Air Interface Course
Nokia Siemens Networks
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDM Key Parameters for FDD and TDD Modes
Data Rate Calculation
OFDMA
OFDM Transmitter Simulation
Air Interface Main Issues

Air Interface
eNodeB
eNodeB
eNodeB
UE 3
UL
DL
UE
UE 1
1. Duplex
Transmission
4
UE 2
2. Multiple
Access
LTE FDD and TDD Modes

t
Bandwidth
Bandwidth
up to 20MHz
up to 20MHz
Bandwidth
up to 20MHz
Uplink
Uplink
Downlink
Guard
Period
f
Duplex Frequency
Downlink
TDD vs. FDD (1/2)

In FDD, DL & UL use different bands with the same bandwidth
=> DL throughput = UL throughput
What happens if throughput requirements are different for DL and UL?
Potential solution: Use different bandwidth for DL & UL?
Hard to manage frequency bands in this case
Simpler solution
DL & UL are duplexed in time rather than in frequency => TDD (Time Division
Duplexing)
DL & UL share the same bandwidth
DL and UL are active in different subframes
TDD vs. FDD (2/2)

Frequency
TDD
FDD
Downlink
Downlink
Uplink
Uplink
Downlink
throughput is also
affected
Wasted
Throughput
DL
UL
Only this is
needed
Time
We get what we need

DL
UL
RF FDD architecture
TX Duplex Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
RX Duplex Filter
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Duplex filters for each Tx and Rx path

Circulator has the role of separating DL & UL waves
It must exhibit great isolation properties, so that Tx signal does not leak
into Rx path
8
RF TDD architecture
Channel Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
TX
Duplexer
RX
Channel Filter
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Duplexer must switch between Tx and Rx paths

Switching driving signal must be accurate
Good timing control of the signal
9
FDD and TDD Modes Comparison

FDD and TDD modes Harmonisation
(commonalities)
FDD and TDD mode included
together in the same
specification
Same radio interface schemes
for both uplink and downlink
(OFDM and SC-FDMA)
FDD and TDD modes differences

regarding the air interface
1. Spectrum Allocation:
TDD is using the same frequency bands for
both UL and DL
FDD requires a paired spectrum with
duplex separation in frequency
TDD requires an unpaired spectrum with
some guard bands in time to separate
UL and DL
Same subframe formats

Same network architecture
Same air interface protocols
Same physical channels
procedures
10
In LTE there is a high degree

of harmonisation between
FDD and TDD modes
2. UE complexity:
In FDD the UE is requiring an duplex filter
(for UL DL separation)
In TDD the filter is not needed
Lower complexity for TDD terminals
Multiple Access
2 UE 2
3 UE 3
4 UE 4
5 UE 5
Ti
m
Power
1 UE 1
1
TDMA
Time Division
Multiple Access,
2G e.g. GSM,
PDC
OFDMA
Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiple Access
e.g. LTE
4
5
2
2
12
2
4
1
2
5
4
3
2
1
FDMA
Frequency Division
Multiple Access
5
1G e.g. AMPS,
NMT, TACS
CDMA
Code Division
Multiple Access
3G e.g. UMTS,
CDMA2000
Frequency
11
Multiple Access
In LTE OFDMA = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access it is
used in the Downlink
In the UL SC-FDMA = Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

Access it is used
OFDMA and SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD Modes!
Approach for the explanation:

First OFDM as technology will be explained (for single user case)
Second it is shown how OFDM could be used to separate users
UL SC-FDMA will be explained in the next chapter

12
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
13
Challenges for the Air Interface Design

For the LTE Air Interface design it should be considered a trade-off
between the following factors (based on the LTE requirements):
1. What should be the required radio spectrum ?
2. Speed of data transmission (bit rate as high as possible)
3. Complexity of implementation (as small as possible)
How could it be realised ?
Solution: use the rectangular pulse shape
(see next slide)
14
Time Domain
amplitude
Fourier
Transform
fs
Ts
time
1
Ts
Inverse
Fourier
Transform
Advantages:
+ Simple to implement: there is no complex filter
system required to detect such pulses and to
generate them.
+ The pulse has a clearly defined duration. This is
a major advantage in case of multi-path
propagation environments as it simplifies handling
of inter-symbol interference.
15
spectral power density
The Rectangular Pulse

Frequency Domain
fs
frequency f/fs
Disadvantage:
- it allocates a quite huge spectrum. However the
spectral power density has null points exactly at
multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts. This will be
important in OFDM.
Pulse Form and Spectrum in WCDMA
As a counter example look at the root

raised cosine roll off pulse that is used in
WCDMA. As one can see this pulse is not
clearly located in the time domain.
So if we put two such pulses one after
another, there will be always some
interference from the first to the second.
On the other hand the spectrum of these
pulses is concentrated in a clearly defined
frequency
band.
16
OFDM Basics
Transmits hundreds or even thousands of separately modulated radio signals
using orthogonal subcarriers spread across a wideband channel
Total transmission bandwidth

15 kHz in LTE: fixed
Orthogonality:
The peak ( centre
frequency) of one
subcarrier
intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
17
OFDM Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a
part of the whole transmission

The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while
the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number of
subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power
bandwidth
frequency
18
The OFDM Signal
19

The usage of the pulse leads to other challenges to be solved:
1. ISI = Intersymbol Interference
Due to multipath propagation
2. ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference
Due to the fact that FDM = frequency division multiplexing will be
used
3. ICI = Intercarrier Interference
Losing orthogonality between subcarriers because of effects like e.g.
Doppler
20
What should be the solutions to these challenges?

1. Multi-Path Propagation and Inter-Symbol

Interference
d1< d2 < d3
d2
+
Tt
d1
(Direct path)
Time 0
Ts
d3
BTS
Time 0 Tt
Ts+Tt
1. Inter Symbol Interference
21
Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

2
1
3
Time Domain
(Direct path)
Tg
TSYMBOL
Guard Period (GP)

time
TSYMBOL
2
Guard Period (GP)

TSYMBOL
time
Guard Period (GP)
time
22
Propagation Delay Exceeding the Guard Period

2
1
3
Time Domain T
SYMBOL
Tg
1
Obviously when
the delay spread
of the multi-path
environment is
greater than the
guard period
duration (Tg), then
we encounter
inter-symbol
interference (ISI)
time
2
time
3
time
4
time
23
Cyclic Prefix
2
1
3
Tcp
Tsymb
CP
symbol
CP
symbol
CP
symbol
time
24
CP
CP
symbol
symbol
CP
CP
symbol
symbol
CP
CP
symbol
symbol
Cyclic Prefix
In LTE the slot of 500 s is subdivided in the (useful part of the) symbol (grey)
and CPs as follows:
T [TS]
160 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
144 2048
T [s]
5,2
4,7
4,7
4,7
4,7
4,7
4,7
max. delay [km]
1,6
66,7
66,7
1,4
66,7
1,4
66,7
1,4
66,7
1,4
66,7
1,4
66,7
1,4
For the extended CP slot structure the overall 500 s is kept but the number
of symbols is reduced in order to extent the cyclic prefix durations:
T [TS]
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
512 2048
T [s]
16,7
16,7
16,7
16,7
16,7
16,7
max. delay [km]
25
5,0
66,7
5,0
66,7
5,0
66,7
5,0
66,7
5,0
66,7
5,0
66,7

Due to multipath propagation solution: use cyclic prefix
used
Losing orthogonality between subcarriers because of effects like
e.g. Doppler
26

Multi-Carrier Modulation
The center frequencies must be spaced so that interference between different
carriers, known as Adjacent Carrier Interference ACI, is minimized; but not too
much spaced as the total bandwidth will be wasted.
Each carrier uses an upper and lower guard band to protect itself from its adjacent
carriers. Nevertheless, there will always be some interference between the
adjacent carriers.
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
f0
f1
f2
27
fN-2
fN-1
frequency
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-Carrier
Power Density
Power Density
OFDM allows a tight packing of small carrier - called the subcarriers - into
a given frequency band.
Frequency (f/fs)
28
Saved
Bandwidth
Frequency (f/fs)
No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM

due to the orthogonal subcarriers !

used
solution: orthogonal subcarriers
e.g. Doppler
29

Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) in OFDM

The price for the optimum subcarrier spacing is the sensitivity of OFDM to
frequency errors.
If the receivers frequency slips some fractions from the subcarriers center
frequencies, then we encounter not only interference between adjacent carriers, but
in principle between all carriers.
This is known as Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) and sometimes also referred to
as Leakage Effect in the theory of discrete Fourier transform.
One possible cause that introduces frequency errors is a fast moving Transmitter
or Receiver (Doppler effect).
30
Two effects begin to work:

1.-Subcarrier 2 has no longer its
power density maximum here - so
we loose some signal energy.
2.-The rest of subcarriers (0, 1, 3

and 4) have no longer a null point
here. So we get some noise from
the other subcarrier.
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0
31
f1
f2
f3
f4
3. ICI = Inter-Carrier Interference
Leakage Effect due to Frequency Drift: ICI

used
solution: orthogonal subcarriers
32

e.g. Doppler
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
33
OFDM Transmitter
xN-1
Frequency Domain Signal:

(Collection
of Sinusoids)
s0
s1 s2
Modulation s0
Mapper
b20 ,b21,
Modulation s1
Mapper
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
Distrib.)
.
.
.
sN-1
t0 t1 t2
tN-1 time
Time Domain Signal
cos(2fct)
IFFT
x0, x1, , xN-1

Time
Domain
CP/Guard
Generation
Binary
Coded
Data
b10 ,b11,
x2
fN-1 freq.
Frequency Domain
f0 f1 f2
x 0 x1
D
A
IQ
Split
Q
D
A
Low I
Pass
RF
Low Q
Pass
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Each entry to the IFFT module

corresponds to a different subcarrier
Each sub-carrier is modulated
independently
Modulation Schemes:
34
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
35
s0
yN-1
s1 s2
y0 y1
f0 f1 f2
tN-1 time
Frequency Domain
AGC
Automatic
Gain Control
FFT
s0
s0
s1
s1
.
.
.
sN-1
reference
(pilot)
Frequency And Timing Sync
Channel Correction
Windowing +
signal autocorreation
timee
adjust
phase correction
LNA gain
Derotator
signal strength
Demodulator
RF
Low Noise Amp.

+ Bandpass
Time Domain
fN-1 freq.
.
.
.
sN-1
channel
response
t0 t1 t2
Frequency Domain
x2
sN-1
Channel
Estimation
Bit Mapping
Bit Mapping
B10 ,B11,
B20 ,B21,
.
.
.
.
.
.
BN-1 0
Bit Mapping
QPSK
Im
11
01
sk
d11
Re
d10
00
36
10
Bit Distribution
OFDM Receiver
Soft Bit
Coded
Data
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
37
OFDM Key Parameters

1. Variable Bandwidth (BW)
Bandwidth options: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz
A higher Bandwidth is better because

a higher peak data rate could be
achived and also bigger capacity. Also
the physical layer overhead is lower
for higher bandwidth
2. Subcarrier Spacing (f = 15 KHz)

The Symbol time is
Tsymbol = 1/ f = 66,7s
Frequency
Power
density
A compromise needed between:

f as small as possibile so that the
symbol time Tsymbol is as large as
possibile.
Frequency
Amplitude
This is beneficial to solve Intersymbol

Interference in time domain
TCP
TSYMBOL
A too small subcarrier spacing it is

increasing the ICI = Intercarrier
Interference due to Doppler effect
CP
T
SYMBOL
38
TS
Time
OFDM Key Parameters

3. The number of Subcarriers Nc
Nc x f = BW
In LTE not all the available channel bandwidth (e.g. 20 MHz) will be used. For the transmission
bandwidth typically 10% guard band is considered (to avoid the out band emissions).
If BW = 20MHz Transmission BW = 20MHz 2MHz = 18 MHz
the number of subcarriers Nc = 18MHz/15KHz = 1200 subcarriers
Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel edge
Resource block
Channel edge
39
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Active Resource Blocks
DC carrier (downlink only)
OFDM Key Parameters

4. FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) size Nfft
Nfft should be chosen so that:
1.Nfft > Nc number of subcarriers (sampling theorem)
2.Should be a power of 2 (to speed-up the FFT operation)
Therefore for a bandwidth BW = 20 MHz Nc = 1200 subcarriers not a power of 2
The next power of 2 is 2048 the rest 2048 -1200 = 848 padded with zeros
5. Sampling rate fs
This parameter indicates what is the sampling frequency:
fs = Nfft x f
Example: for a bandwidth BW = 5 MHz (with 10% guard band)
The number of subcarriers Nc = 4.5 MHz/ 15 KHz = 300
300 is not a power of 2 next power of 2 is 512 Nfft = 512
Fs = 512 x 15 KHz = 7,68 MHz fs = 2 x 3,84 MHz which is the chip rate in UMTS!!
The sampling rate is a multiple of the chip rate
from UMTS/ HSPA. This was acomplished because the
subcarriers spacing is 15 KHz. This means UMTS and LTE
have the same clock timing!
40
Resource Block and Resource Element

6. Physical Resource Block or Resource Block (PRB or RB)
12 subcarriers in frequency domain x 1 slot period in time domain.

Capacity allocation is based on
180 KHz
Subcarrier
1
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
0 1 2
0 1 2
Subcarrier
12
B
R
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 slot
1 slot
1 ms subframe
41
Resource Blocks
Resource Element ( RE):
1 subcarrier x 1 symbol period
Theoretical minimum capacity
allocation unit.
1 RE is the equivalent of 1
modulation symbol on a
subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits for QPSK,
4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for
64QAM.
Resource
Element
42
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
43

1. Maximum channel data rate
The maximum channel data rate is calculated taking into account the total number of the
available resource blocks in 1 TTI = 1ms
Max Data Rate = Number of Resource Blocks x 12 subcarriers x (14 symbols/ 1ms)
= Number of Resouce Blocks x (168 symbols/1ms)
2. Impact of the Channel Bandwith: 5, 10, 20 MHz

For BW = 5MHz -> there are 25 Resource Blocks
-> Max Data Rate = 25 x (168 symbols/1ms) = 4,2 * Msymbols/s
BW = 10MHz -> 50 Resource Blocks -> Max Data Rate = 8,2 Msymbols/s
BW = 20MHz -> 100 Resource Blocks -> Max Data Rate =16,4 Msymbols/s
3. Impact of the Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

For QPSK 2bits/symbol; 16QAM 4bits/symbol; 64QAM 6 bits/symbol
QPSK: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 2bits/symbol = 32,8 Mbits/s (bandwith of 20 MHz)
16QAM: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 4 bits/symbols = 65,6 Mbits/s
64QAM: Max Data Rate = 16,4 Msymbols/s * 6 bits/symbols = 98,4 Mbits/s
44

4. Impact of the Channel Coding
Channel Coding will be discussed in chapter 6. In LTE Turbo coding of rate 1/3 will be used.
The effective coding rate is dependent on the Modulation and Coding Scheme selected by the
scheduler in the eNodeB. In practice several coding rates can be obtained. Here it is considered
1/2 and 3/4
1/2 coding rate: Max Data rate = 98,4 Mbits/s * 0,5 = 49,2 Mbits/s
3/4 coding rate: Max Data rate = 98,4 Mbits/s * 0,75 = 73,8 Mbits/s
5. Impact of MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIMO is discussed in chapter 9. If spatial diversity it is used (2x2 MIMO) then the data rate will
be doubled since the data is sent in parallel in 2 different streams using 2 different antennas
2x2 MIMO: Max Data Rate = 73,8 Mbit/s * 2 = 147,6 Mbits/s
6. Impact of physical layer overhead and higher layers overhead

The real data rate of the user will be further reduced if the physical layer overhead is considered.
Also the higher layers may introduce overhead as shown in chapter number 2. For example IP ,
PDCP , RLC and MAC are introducing their own headers.
This type of overheads are not discussed here
45
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
46
OFDM Multiple Access

Up to here we have only discussed simple point-to-point or broadcast
OFDM.
Now we have to analyze how to handle access of multiple users
simultaneously to the system, each one using OFDM.
OFDM can be combined with several different methods to handle multi-user
systems:
1.-Plain OFDM
2.-Time Division Multiple Access via OFDM
3.-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OFDMA
47
OFDM
Plain OFDM
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division
...
subcarrier
Multicarrier
OFDM: Plain or Normal OFDM has no built-in
multiple-access mechanism.
This is suitable for broadcast systems like DVB-T/H
which transmit only broadcast and multicast signals
and do not really need an uplink feedback channel
(although such systems exist too).
time
...
...
.
.
.
Now we have to analyze how to handle access of
multiple users simultaneously to the system, each one

using OFDM.
1 UE 1
48
2 UE 2
3 UE 3
common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
.
.
. ...
...
...
...
...
OFDMA
Multiple Access
It is a registered trademark by Runcom Ltd.
The basic idea is to assign subcarriers to users based on
their bit rate services. With this approach it is quite easy to
handle high and low bit rate users simultaneously in a
single system.
But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently.
The solution to this problem is to assign to a single users
so called resource blocks or scheduling blocks.
Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over some
time.
A single user can then use one or more Resource blocks.
...
subcarrier
OFDMA stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
OFDMA
time
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
.
1.
1
.
.
1.
1
.
.
1.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2 ...
2 ...
2 2 ...
. .
. .
. . ...
2
2
3
3
3
...
3 ...
3 ...
3 ...
Resource Block (RB)

1 UE 1
49
2 UE 2
3 UE 3
common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
OFDMA
FDD and TDD Modes
Basics of OFDM
OFDM Transmitter
OFDM Receiver
OFDMA
50
OFDM Transmitter Simulation Assumptions

All 1200 subcarriers subcarriers are transmitted (assuming that the system
bandwidth is 20 MHz)
Transmit only one OFDM symbol (66.7 us)

No difference between the subcarriers used for physical layer overhead and the
subcarriers used for transmission of user data
No difference between different physical channels like e.g. PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel). The difference could be seen in parameters like e.g. modulation
The serial to parallel convertor is not considered (because it assumed to transmit

only one OFDM symbol)
Cyclic prefix insertion neglected (less relevant for simulation impact on symbol
duration only)
51
Data Generation
b10
b20
Binary
Coded
Data
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
Distrib.)
bN-1
A random string is generated with N=1200 integers numbers from 0 to 3 that needs to be transmitted;
For simplicity only first 40 integers are plotted (the same is true for the rest of the simulation)
One can look at this sequence vertically, as being the output of the serial to parallel block (only one
OFDM symbol is transmitted )
52
OFDM Transmitter
Coded
Data
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
.
.
Distrib.)
cos(2fct)
D
CP/Guard
Generation
Binary
b20 ,b21, Modulation s1

Mapper
Frequency Domain

Mapper
x0, x1, , xN-1

IFFT
Time
Domain
I
IQ
Split
A
Q
D
A
Low I
Pass
RF
Low Q
Pass
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
QPSK modulation
assumed
(16QAM or 64QAM also
possibile)
53
QPSK Modulation
Our Tx
Bit 1
Bit 0
+1
+1
-1
+1
-1
-1
+1
-1
Step 1 of QPSK modulation:
map the input bits to the symbols
using the constelation diagram
I + jQ (complex = inphase +
quadrature)
Step 2 of the QPSK modulation :

in
LTE the complex symbols are input
for the IFFT !
54
Modulation
Mapper
Modulation
Mapper
s0
s1
.
.
.
Modulation
Mapper
sN-1
Note that the sequence s0 sN-1 is a complex sequence = I + jQ (Inphase and Quadrature)
55
OFDM Transmitter
Coded
Data
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
.
.
Distrib.)
cos(2fct)
D
CP/Guard
Generation
Binary

Mapper
Frequency Domain

Mapper
x0, x1, , xN-1

IFFT
Time
Domain
I
IQ
Split
A
Q
D
A
Low I
Pass
RF
Low Q
Pass
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
IFFT = Inverse Fast Fourier

Transformation
56
IFFT Result > Time Domain
IFFT
x0, x1, , xN-1

Time
Domain
Result interpretation:
1. The signal is complex =
I+jQ
2. The signal is almost white
noise (1200 subcarriers
57
Nokia
Siemens Networks
each
with
equal
magnitude)
IFFT Result -> Frequency Domain

The spectrum is splitted in 2 parts
because of the zero padding in
the middle of the sequence
Low pass filtering required

to achieve a compact spectrum
Zero padded subcarriers

2048-1200 = 848
First 600 subcarriers

BW=600*15kHz=9MHz
58
Last 600 subcarriers
Total BW=18MHz
BW=600*15kHz=9MHz
OFDM Transmitter
Coded
Data
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
.
.
Distrib.)
cos(2fct)
D
CP/Guard
Generation
Binary

Mapper
Frequency Domain

Mapper
x0, x1, , xN-1

IFFT
Time
Domain
I
IQ
Split
A
Q
D
A
Low I
Pass
RF
Low Q
Pass
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Digital to
Analog
Conversion and
Low Pass
Filtering
59
D
A
D
A
Low
Pass
Low
Pass
Note the delay produced by the filtering process (low pass filtering)
60
OFDM Transmitter
Coded
Data
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
.
.
Distrib.)
cos(2fct)
D
CP/Guard
Generation
Binary

Mapper
Frequency Domain

Mapper
x0, x1, , xN-1

IFFT
Time
Domain
I
IQ
Split
A
Q
D
A
Low I
Pass
RF
Low Q
Pass
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Up - Conversion
61
Up-conversion -> Time Domain Result
This is the signal transmitted over the air interface

It can be observed the large value of the PAR (peak to average ratio) in
the time response
62
Up-conversion -> Frequency Domain Result
63
OFDM Transmitter Overview
Coded
Data
Serial to
Parallel
Converter
(Bit
.
.
Distrib.)
cos(2fct)
D
CP/Guard
Generation
Binary

Mapper
Frequency Domain

Mapper
x0, x1, , xN-1

IFFT
Time
Domain
I
IQ
Split
A
Q
D
A
Low I
Pass
RF
Low Q
Pass
-sin(2fct)
bN-1 0
64
Modulation sN-1
Mapper

Ofdma: LTE Air Interface Course

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Ofdma: LTE Air Interface Course

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OFDMA

LTE Air Interface Course

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Air Interface Main Issues

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LTE FDD and TDD Modes

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TDD vs. FDD (1/2)

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TDD vs. FDD (2/2)

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We get what we need

Duplex filters for each Tx and Rx path

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Duplexer must switch between Tx and Rx paths

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FDD and TDD Modes Comparison

FDD and TDD modes differences

Same subframe formats

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In LTE there is a high degree

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In the UL SC-FDMA = Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

Approach for the explanation:

UL SC-FDMA will be explained in the next chapter

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Challenges for the Air Interface Design

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spectral power density

The Rectangular Pulse

Pulse Form and Spectrum in WCDMA

As a counter example look at the root

Total transmission bandwidth

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part of the whole transmission

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The OFDM Signal

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Challenges for the Air Interface Design

What should be the solutions to these challenges?

1. Multi-Path Propagation and Inter-Symbol

1. Inter Symbol Interference

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Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

Guard Period (GP)

Guard Period (GP)

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Propagation Delay Exceeding the Guard Period

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max. delay [km]

max. delay [km]

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Challenges for the Air Interface Design

What should be the solutions to these challenges?

2. ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

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OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multi-Carrier

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference) in OFDM

Challenges for the Air Interface Design