BASIC CELL PROCESS :

INTEGRATION
&
COORDINATION
Iskandar

1. CELLS & TISSUES

CELLULAR
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of
most living organisms.
Two kinds of cells are : procaryotic and eucaryotic
The cell is composed of cell membrane, cytoplasm
and nucleus.
The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins that separates the inside of the
cell from the extracellular fluid.
The cytoplasm consists of semigelatinous cytosol
with dissolved nutrients, ions wastes, insoluble
inclusions and organelles to carry out specific
function.

Non membranous organelles include

ribosomes, which take part in protein
synthesis, vaults of uncertain function and
insoluble protein fibers such as actin, myosin,
keratin, and tubulin.
The cytoskeleton is made of microfilaments,
intermediate filament and microtubules. It
provides support, aids transport of material
within the cell, links cells together, and enable
motility in certain cells.
Centrosomes are the microtubule-organizing
center of the cell. Centrioles aid the movement
of chromosome during cell division

 Cilia move fluid or secretions across the

cell surface. Flagella propel sperm

through body fluid.
Mitochondria generate most ATP for the
cell.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is
the primary site of lipid synthesis. The
rough endoplasmic reticulum is the
primary site of protein synthesis.
The Golgi apparatus packages protein
into vesicles. Secretory vesicles secrete
their contain into the extracellular fluid.

Lysosomes and peroxisomes are storage

vesicles that contain digestive enzyme.
The nucleus contains DNA, the genetic
material that ultimately controls all cell
processes, in the form of chromatin. The
nuclear envelope has nuclear pore complexes
that allow controlled chemical communication
between the nucleus and cytosol. Nucleoli are
nuclear areas that control the synthesis of
RNA for ribosomes.

 TISSUE

REMODELING
Cell death occurs by necrosis, which
adversely affects neighboring cells, and
by apoptosis, programmed cell death
that does not disturb the tissue.
Most mature cells can reproduce
themselves. Nerve, muscle, and blood
cells must be replaced by cells that
develop from unspecialized stem cells.
Organs are formed by groups of tissues
that carry out related functions. The
organs of the body contain the four
types of tissues in various ratios.

2. CELLULAR
METABOLISM
ENERGY IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Energy is the capacity to the work.

Chemical work enables cells and

organisms to grow, reproduce and carry
out normal activities. Transport work
enable cells to move molecules to create
concentration gradients. Mechanical work
is used for movement.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
Potential energy is stored energy.

 ENZYMES
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the
rate of chemical reactions without themselves being
changed. Enzymes bind to reactant molecules,
bringing them together into the best position for
reacting with each other. In reaction catalyzed by
enzymes, the reactants are called substrates.
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrates
is called the binding site. The induced-fit model of
enzyme-substrate interaction says that the binding
site has and intermediate shape that can change to
fir either the substrate or the produce molecules.

Specificity is the ability of an enzyme to

catalyze a certain reaction or a group of
closely related reactions.
Some enzymes are produced as inactive
precursors and must be activated. This
may require the presence of a cofactor.
Organic cofactors are called coenzymes.
Enzyme activity is altered by
temperature, pH, and modulator
molecules. A modulator change the
ability of the enzyme to (1) bind the
substrate or (2) alter activation energy of
the reaction.

When an enzyme is saturated with substrate, it

works at its maximum possible rate.
Reversible reactions go to a state of equilibrium,
where the rate of the reaction in the forward
direction is exactly equal to the rate of the reverse
reaction. Reversible reactions obey the low of
mass action : when a reaction is at equilibrium,
the ratio of substrates to products is always the
same. If the concentration of a substrate or
product changes, the equilibrium will be disturbed.
Most reactions can be classified as oxidationreduction, hydrolysis-dehydration, additionsubtraction-exchange or ligation reactions.

CELL MEMBRANES
The cell membrane is a barrier between
the intracellular and extracellular fluid.
The cell membrane regulated exchange
and communication between the cell and
its environment. It also provides
structural support to the cell.
The fluid mosaic model of membranes
says that membranes are phospholipid
bilayers with proteins inserted into the
bilayer. Carbohydrates attach to the
extracellular surface.

Membrane-spanning and other integral

proteins are tightly bound to the
phospholipid bilayer. Associated proteins
attach less tightly to either side of the
membrane.
Structural proteins maintain cell shape and
form cell junctions that hold tissues
together.
Membrane-associated enzymes catalyze
chemical reactions and help transfer signals
across the membrane.
Receptor proteins on the cell membrane are
part of the bodys chemical signaling system.
A molecule that binds to a receptor is called
its ligand.

BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

Most cells of the body are
surrounded by extracellular fluid
(ECF), which can be subdivided
into interstitial fluid bathing the
cells and plasma, the fluid portion
of the blood.

MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANES

The cell membrane is a barrier that restricts
free exchange between the cell and the
interstitial fluid. The movement of a substance
across the membrane depends on the
permeability of the membrane to the substance.
Lipid-soluble substances can diffuse through
the phospholipid bilayer. Less lipid-soluble
molecules require the assistance of a
membrane protein to cross the membrane.
Passive transport does not require the input of
energy.

 Diffusion is the passive movement of

molecules from an area of higher
concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Diffusion stops when the
system reaches equilibrium, although
molecular movement continues.
Diffusion rate depends on the magnitude of
the concentration gradient. Diffusion is
slow over long distances, is directly related
to temperature and is inversely related to
molecular size.

Simple diffusion is diffusion across the

phospholipid bilayer of a membrane.
The rate of simple diffusion is directly
proportional to the surface are of the
membrane, inversely proportional to
the thickness of the membrane, and
depends on the lipid solubility of the
molecule that is diffusing.
Mediated transport is movement of
molecules with the aid of a carrier
protein. Passive mediated transport is
called facilitated diffusion.

INTEGRETED MEMBRANE
PROCESSES :
INSULIN SECRETION
We have recently that the use of
electrical signals to initiate a cellular
response is not limited to the
excitable tissues of nerve and muscle.
The beta cell of the pancreas releases
insulin response to a change in
membrane potential.

References :
1. library.thinkquest.org/c004535 /

basic_cell_function.html.
2. www.sci.sdsu.du / classes /
chemistry /
chem 4671 / mardahl
/ basiccell//.html.
3. Kuliah Prof dr Ieva
4.Kuliah Prof dr Subowo

TERIMA KASIH