Centrifugal
force
Gravitational
force =
Vc
Escape velocity
Escape velocity
If we throw a object up such a velocity that
it goes out of earths gravity it velocity is
called escape velocity
It means that by the time its velocity
reduces to zero due to gravity it had
reached a point where earths gravitational
force is also is zero.
Hence the object will never return to earth
B
V=0
Fg=0
Throw a ball of (mass m) up
Initial velocity at point A = U,
and Gravitational force = Fg
Fg
Me = mass of
earth
v = u +(- gt )
B Fg=0
V=0
R
U
A
R
Fg =
(G ) ( Me m )
r2
Me = mass of
earth
escape velocity
v = u +(gt )
PE at point B = m x 10 x 5 J
KE at point A = x m x U2 J
x m x U2 = m x 10 x 5
U2 = 2 x 10 x 5
U2 = 100
U = 10m/sec
B
A
Fg
to B dw = Fg x dr
Escape velocity
B
Work done to lift ball from A
dr
B
A
to B dw = Fg x dr
Me = mass of
earth
Fg = (G ) ( Me m )
r2
Calculations of
(G
)
(
Me
m
)
dw
dr
=
work done
r2
B
Using calculus we can add such
dr
B
A
A
R
Me = mass of
earth
(
Me
m
)
J
2
m
U
=
B
R
2
x
(G
)
(
Me)
U2 =
R
24
-11
5.98
10
2
6.67
10
U2 =
U
(6.37 10 6 )
A
R
Me
U2 =
6.37
U2 = 12.52 10 7 = 125.2 10 6
U = 11.19 10 3 = 11200m/sec
( R+ r )2
r
Fg
r
M = mass of inner
sphere
The net gravitational
force at poet Q due
to outer material of
main sphere is zero
F
Inner
Inner
sphere
sphere
F
Inner
sphere
F
F
Inner
sphere
r
F = F x R
As r reduces F will reduce
At center of sphere
r = 0 hence F = 0
Gravitational force at
center of solid sphere is = 0
gr
r
(R+r)3
(As R<< r, R + r = r )
gr
R
r
r
Graph of gr for solid sphere
Fg = max, V = 0
+ve
Fg = 0
V = max
Fg
Fg = - max V = 0
Case 2
Case 1
Shell of
mass M
Shell of mass
GM E
2
g (0)
9.83 m/s
2
RE
GM E
g ( h)
2
( RE h)
GM E
g (r ) 2
r
GmM E
GM E
a
/m 2
2
m
r
r
(6.67 1011 m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 10 24 kg)
2
8.70 m/s
6
2
(6.77 10 m)
2 r vT
2 r
v
T
M E m mv 2
Fg G 2
r
r
GM E 4 2 r 2
r
T2
( RE h)
4
r
3
T
r 2
2
GM E
GM E
GM E
2
25 june
Apparent Weight
Your perception of your weight is based on
the contact forces between your body and
your surroundings.
If your surroundings
are accelerating,
your apparent
weight may be more
or less than your
actual weight.
Accn = 0
Velocity = 0
or constant
No change
in apparent
weight
F support = 0
Apparent weight = 0
Air
Weight
force
Controlling terminal
velocity by
parachute
Earth gravitational
acceleration g does note
depend on mass of object
Hence an elephant & a
feather will take same time
to reach ground if there in no
resistance
End
Reference slides
http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/geo/
http://www.rap.ucar.edu/weather/satellite/
http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/data/volcano.html
GMm
mv 2
2 mar
r
r
GM
v
=
r
U g
m
Orbital Energetics
FM on m
mv 2 2 K
r
r
Ug
GMm
2
r
r
K 12 U g
The equation K = Ug is called The Virial Theorem. In
effect, it says that for a planet in orbit around the Sun, if you
turned its velocity by 90o, so that it pointed straight out of the
Solar System, you would have only half the kinetic energy needed
to escape the Suns gravity well.
Example:
The Total Energy of a Satellite
Show that the total energy of a satellite in a circular orbit around the
Earth is half of its gravitational potential energy.
1 2 GM E m
mv
2
r
GM E m mv 2
GM E
2
v
2
r
r
r
E K U
GM E m
1 GM E GM E m
E m
2
r
r
2r
GM E m
U
Although derived for this particular case, this is a
r
general result, and is called the Virial Theorem. The
1
E 2U
factor of is a consequence of the inverse square law.
r3
r3
M '
M M 3
3
R
R
GM '
G
r 3
GMr
GM r
r
ginside 2 r 2 M 3 r 3 r 3 r
r
r
R
R
R
m1 A1 r12
m m
Tides
Tidal forces can result in orbital locking,
where the moon always has the same face
towards the planet as does Earths Moon.
If a moon gets too close to a large planet,
the tidal forces can be strong enough to tear
the moon apart. This occurs inside the Roche
limit; closer to the planet we have rings, not
moons.
Tides
Example:
The Orbiting Space Station
You are trying to view the International Space
Station (ISS), which travels in a roughly circular
orbit about the Earth.
If its altitude is 385 km above the Earths
surface, how long do you have to wait between
sightings?
2 r vT
M E m mv 2
Fg G 2
r
r
2 r
T
GM E 4 2 r 2
r
T2
4 2 3
r3
( RE h)3
T
r 2
2
GM E
GM E
GM E
(6375 km 385 km)3
T 2
5,528 s=92.1 min
(6.67 1011 N m 2 /kg 2 )(5.98 10 24 kg)
R
Man
in lift
mg
R is reaction force
= reading on scales
F = ma
Taking up as +ve
R - mg = ma
accel
R = m(g + a)
If a = 0 ==>
R = mg
normal weight
Spring scales
According to traveller
R
mg
R is reaction force
= reading on scales
F = ma
R - mg = ma
The Apple
& the Moon
F mg mr 2 mr (2 / T ) 2
T 2 r / g
The radius of the Moons orbit is RM=3.84x108 m. If T = 2[r/g] and
g=9.81 m/s2, then the Moons orbital period should be TM = 2[RM/g] =
2[(3.84x108 m)/(9.81 m/s2)] = 3.93 x 104 s = 11 hr.
However, the actual orbital period of the Moon is about 27.3 days =
2.36 x 106 s. How could this calculation be so badly off? (Weaker gravity?)
Lets use the Moons orbital period and calculate gM, the acceleration
due to Earths gravity at the orbit of the Moon.
gM = RM(2/T)2 = (3.84x108 m)[/(2.36x106 s)]2 = 2.72 x 10-3 m/s2
But an apple falls at gE = 9.81 m/s2. So lets try something. Well
calculate the product gR2 for an apple at the Earths surface and for the
Moon in orbit:
gMRM2=(2.72x10-3 m/s2)(3.84x108 m)2 = 4.01x1014 m3/s2
gERE2 = (9.81 m/s2)(6.37x106 m)2 = 3.98x1014 m3/s2
These products are essentially equal, because gravity falls off ~ 1/R 2.
The same gravitational force law affects the apple and the Moon.
The Apple
& the Moon
F mg mr 2 mr (2 / T ) 2
T 2 r / g
The radius of the Moons orbit is RM=3.84x108 m. If T = 2[r/g] and
g=9.81 m/s2, then the Moons orbital period should be TM = 2[RM/g] =
2[(3.84x108 m)/(9.81 m/s2)] = 3.93 x 104 s = 11 hr.
However, the actual orbital period of the Moon is about 27.3 days =
2.36 x 106 s. How could this calculation be so badly off? (Weaker gravity?)
Lets use the Moons orbital period and calculate gM, the acceleration
due to Earths gravity at the orbit of the Moon.
gM = RM(2/T)2 = (3.84x108 m)[/(2.36x106 s)]2 = 2.72 x 10-3 m/s2
But an apple falls at gE = 9.81 m/s2. So lets try something. Well
calculate the product gR2 for an apple at the Earths surface and for the
Moon in orbit:
gMRM2=(2.72x10-3 m/s2)(3.84x108 m)2 = 4.01x1014 m3/s2
gERE2 = (9.81 m/s2)(6.37x106 m)2 = 3.98x1014 m3/s2
These products are essentially equal, because gravity falls off ~ 1/R 2.
The same gravitational force law affects the apple and the Moon.
Example:
The Total Energy of a Satellite
Show that the total energy of a satellite in a circular orbit around the
Earth is half of its gravitational potential energy.
GM E m mv 2
2
r
r
v2
GM E
r
GM E m
1 GM E GM E m
E m
2
r
r
2r
GM E m
U
Although derived for this particular case, this is a
r
general result, and is called the Virial Theorem. The
1
E 2U
factor of is a consequence of the inverse square law.
Gravitational Lensing
Light will be bent by any
gravitational field; this can
be seen when we view a
distant galaxy beyond a
closer galaxy cluster.
This is called
gravitational lensing, and
many examples have been
found.
Gravitational Lensing
Tides
Usually we can treat planets, moons, and stars
as though they were point objects, but in fact
they are not.
When two large objects exert gravitational
forces on each other, the force on the near side
is larger than the force on the far side, because
the near side is closer to the other object.
This difference in gravitational force across
an object due to its size is called a tidal force.
Tides
Tidal forces can result in orbital locking,
where the moon always has the same face
towards the planet as does Earths Moon.
If a moon gets too close to a large planet,
the tidal forces can be strong enough to tear
the moon apart. This occurs inside the Roche
limit; closer to the planet we have rings, not
moons.
Tides