Hotspot = an area in the Earth's mantle where hot material from the
Earth's interior is moving upward
Hot spots
Types of Volcanoes
summit subside
Structure of volcanoes
Many volcanoes contain a large depression
Craters
= small depressions (i.e. less than 1 km across)
= most craters result from the explosive activity by which the volcanic
vent is cleared
Calderas
= over 1 km across are called calderas
= most calderas result from subsidence produced by the removal of large
volumes of the underlying magma
Many present-day craters and calderas are filled with water, giving crater
lakes.
Evolution of Volcanoes
An active volcanic landscape
Evolution of Volcanoes
A volcanic landscape after a million years
or so
Classes of Eruption
A. Effusive eruptions erupt mostly lava (generally basalt) and
have little explosive activity.
B. Explosive eruptions are, well, explosive.
Plume Height
Example
non-explosive
< 100 m
1000's m3
Icelandic, Hawaiian
Kilauea
gentle
100-1000 m
10,000's m3
Hawaiian, Strombolian
Stromboli
explosive
1-5 km
1,000,000's m3
Strombolian, Vulcanian
Galeras, 1992
severe
3-15 km
10,000,000's m3
Vulcanian
cataclysmic
10-25 km
100,000,000's m3
Vulcanian, Plinian
Galunggung, 1982
paroxysmal
>25 km
1 km3
Plinian
colossal
>25 km
10's km3
Plinian, Ultra-Plinian
Krakatau, 1883
super-colossal
>25 km
100's km3
Ultra-Plinian
Tambora, 1815
mega-colossal
>25 km
1,000's km3
Ultra-Plinian
Yellowstone, 2 Ma
Effusive Eruptions
Icelandic
Lava simply issues from fissures without building a volcano, though repeated
activity may build shields. The greatest historic example was the Laki fissure flow
of 1783, which killed about a fifth of the population of Iceland, mostly through
crop and livestock destruction. Explosivity index 0. Note that merely being in
Iceland doesn't make an Icelandic eruption; the Icelandic volcano Hekla has
some of the largest explosive eruptions in history.
Hawaiian
Basalt issues from long-lived central vents and builds shield volcanoes.
Explosivity index 0-1.
Explosive Eruptions
Phreatic
Steam explosions caused when lava or magma comes in contact with water. Large
events may blast out craters called maars. The few explosive eruptions on Hawaii
have been phreatic. One in 1790 killed several members of a Hawaiian war party
passing close to Kilauea. Another series occurred at Kilauea in 1924 and one
person was killed by flying ejecta. Explosivity index 0-1 in most cases but maar
eruptions may go as high as 3 or so.
Strombolian
Named for Stromboli, Italy, which has been popping mildly since Roman times and
is nicknamed "lighthouse of the Mediterranean." Mild, long-lasting explosive
activity confined to the immediate vent area. Typically associated with small
stratovolcanoes (they don't erupt much material) and basalt or andesite lava.
Explosivity index 1-2
Vulcanian
Named for Vulcano, Italy, from which we also get the term volcano. Typical
explosive eruption, with a large eruption cloud but not much pyroclastic flows.
Generally associated with andesite stratovolcanoes. Explosivity index 2-4
Explosive Eruptions
Plinian
Named for Pliny the Younger, who left a description of the eruption of Vesuvius in
79 A.D., and his uncle Pliny the Elder, who died in the eruption. Large eruption
cloud, pyroclastic flows, and may collapse to create a caldera. Andesite or
rhyolite stratovolcanoes. Mount Pelee, 1902 and Mount St. Helens, 1980 are
examples. Explosivity index 4-6
Caldera-Forming (Ultra-Plinian)
Catastrophic eruption usually associated with rhyolite stratovolcanoes or magma
chamber collapse. Extremely large volume of pyroclastic flows that may travel for
long distances. Tambora, 1815, Krakatoa, 1883, Katmai, 1912 and Mount
Pinatubo, 1991 were historic examples. Mount Mazama 7000 years ago and
Thera (Santorini) about 1500 B.C. are other famous cases. Explosivity index 6-8
Products of Eruptions
Lava Flows
Pyroclastic Debris
Bombs
Lapilli
Ash
Mudflows
Landslides
Gases
Steam
Carbon Dioxide
H2S
SO2
HCl
HF
Location
Type
Babuyan Claro
Babuyan Is.
Stratovolcano
843
920
1917
Taal
Batangas
25-30 km
caldera lake
(500-100Tya)
400
xx
1977
Mt Mayon
Albay
Stratovolcano
2463
xx
2006
Mt Bulusan
Sorsogon
Stratovolcano
1,565
15,000
2007
Mt Parker
Cotabato
Stratovolcano
1,824
40,000
1641
Mt Banahaw*
Quezon
complex
2,158
Xx
unknown
Mt Biliran
Biliran Is,
Leyte
complex
1,301
xx
1939
Bud Dajo
Jolo
Cinder cone
620
9,500
1897
Cagua
Cagayan
stratovolcano
1,160
1,200
1907
Camiguin de
Babuyanes
Babuyan Is
stratovolcano
712
3,200
1857
Didicas
Babuyan Is
Dome volcano
228
1,200
1990
* dormant
Elevation
(m)
base (m)
Last
eruption
Name of
Volcano
Location
Type
Mt Hibok Hibok
Camiguin
stratovolcano
1,332
1,000
1952
Mt Iraya
Batanes
xx
1,009
5,500
1454
Mt Iriga
Camarines Sur
stratovolcano
1,143
10,000
1642
Mt Kanlaon
Negros Is.
stratovolcano
2,435
30,000
2006
Makaturing
stratovolcano
1,940
29,000
1882
Mt Matutum
South Cotabato
stratovolcano
2,286
25,000
1911
Leonard
Kniaseff
Compostela
Valley
Strato in 203
caldera lake
1,190
xx
120 AD
Musuan
Bukidnon
Lava dome
646
3,000
1867
Pinatubo
Tarlac,Pampanga, stratovolcano
Zambales
1486*
xx
1991, 1993
Smith volcano/
Mt Babuyan
Babuyan Is.
Cinder cone,
stratovolcano
688
4,500
1924
Ragang
Lanao sur/Cot
stratovolcano
2815
32,000
1916
Mt Apo
Cot, Davao
stratovolcano
2,954
Elevation
(m)
base (km)
Last
eruption
unknown
BABUYAN CLARO
Babuyan Islands, Cagayan
(1931.5'N, 121 57'E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 0.843 km
Base Diameter: 0.920 m
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Basalt
Tectonic Setting: Babuyan (Bashi) Segment of Luzon-Taiwan Arc
Age of Deposits: 2.32+/-0.35 Ma -- 1480+/-50 B.P (H.Bellon, J.C. Philippet, Brest. 1984)
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 4
Year: 1831, 1860, 1913, 1917
Eruption Type: strombolian, phreatomagmatic
Volcanic Hazards: lava flow, tsunami
www.philvocs.dost.gov.ph
BANAHAW
Boundaries of Laguna and Quezon provinces
(1400N, 12129'E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 2.169 km
Base Diameter: 25 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano, complex
Hotsprings: San Pablo-Tiaong hot/warm springs, Bakia warm/cold springs, Sampaloc warm springs, Mainit hot/warm springs
and Cagsiay hot/warm springs
Crater Lakes/Maars: Maars located south of Dolores: Lake Dagatan and Lake Ticab
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. San Cristobal (1470 m asl, W), Mt. Banahaw de Lucban (1875 m asl, NE), Buho and
Masalakot Domes (SW), Mt. Mayabobo
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Andesite
Tectonic Setting: Macolod Corridor
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 3
Year: 1730, 1743, 1843
Nature of eruption: explosive
Volcanic Hazards: debris avalanche, lahar and lake break-out
www.philvocs.dost.gov.ph
BUD DAJO
Sulu, 8.05 aerial km SE of Jolo
(5 59'N, 12113'E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 0.62 km
Base Diameter: 9.5 km
Type of Volcano: Cinder Cone
Crater Lakes/Caldera/Maars: Lake Panamao
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Matanding (400 m asl, NE) Guimba (482 m asl, E) and Sungal (518 m asl, SE)
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Basalt
Tectonic Setting: Sulu Arc
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 2
Year: 1641 and 1897
Eruption Type: phreatic (?)
www.philvocs.dost.gov.ph
BULUSAN
Sorsogon Province, 70 km southeast of Mayon Volcano
and approximately 250 km SE of Manila (1246.2'N, 12403'E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 1.559 km
Base Diameter: 15 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano formed inside a caldera
Hotsprings: San Benon, Mapaso, San Vicente, Masacrot
Craters and Fissure:
1. Crater No. 1 or Blackbird Lake - 20 m in diameter and 15 m deep
2. Crater No. 2 - roughly oval in shape, 60 m by 30 m and 15 m deep
3. Crater No. 3 - approximately 90 m in diameter and 20 m deep
4. Crater No. 4 - near the NE rim, opened during the 1981 eruption
Fissure - located below Crater No. 4, measuring 5 to 8 m wide and about 100 m long
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. Homahan, Mt. Binitacan, Mt. Batuan, Mt. Calungalan, Mt. Calaunan, Mt. TabonTabon, Mt. Juban and Mt. Jormajan
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Two-pyroxene andesite in Bulusan, dacite associated with caldera
Tectonic Setting: Bicol Volcanic Chain
Age of Deposits:
a) 1500300 years ( located at 1245'N, 12404'E)
b) 5,480150 years ( located at Mapaso Stream Valley, 1245'N, 12404'E)
c) 5,800100 years (located at a trail leading to Inlagadian, Casiguran, 1249'N, 12403'E)
d) 33,5001,500 years (located at Magallanes Road, Juban, NW of Bulusan Volcano, 1249'N, 12358'E, sample
taken from 30-40 m thick Irosin Caldera ashflow sheet)
SOURCE: Newhall, C. and Cruz, J. (Unpublished data)
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 16
Latest Eruption/Activity: 21 March - 28 June 2006
Eruption Type:
1. Phreatic (e.g. 1918-1922, 1980)
2. Strombolian (e.g. 1918-1919)
3. Caldera-forming (e.g. 40,000 YBP)
CAGUA
Cagayan, approximately 12 km south of
Gonzaga and 14 km south of
Port Irene (1813.3'N, 1227.4'E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 1.16 km
Base Diameter: 12 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Hotsprings: Maasok Thermal Area(near the crater), Magrafil Thermal Area (NW), Manaring Thermal Area (5 km NNE)
San Jose Thermal Areas (10 km NNE), Kabinlangan (3 km NW) and Paminta (2 km NNW)
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Basalt, Andesite
Tectonic Setting: Babuyan (Bashi) Segment of Taiwan-Luzon Arc
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 2
Year: 1860 and 1907
DIDICAS
Babuyan Islands, Cagayan
(19 04.6'N, 12212.1'E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 0.228 km
Base Diameter: 1.2 km
Type of Volcano: Submarine/Dome
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Andesite
Tectonic Setting: Babuyan (Bashi) Segment of Luzon-Taiwan Arc
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 6
Year: 1773, 1856-1857, 1900, 1952, 1969, 1978 (Jan. 6-9, explosive, phreatic)
Eruption Type: Submarine, phreatic, dome building
HIBOK-HIBOK
Camiguin Island, located at the northwestern end of the Island
(912.2'N, 12440.5E)
PHYSICAL FEATURES
Elevation: 1.332 km
Base Diameter: 10 km
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano and dome complex
Hotsprings: Ardent Spring, Tangob, Bugong, Tagdo, Naasag, Kiyab
Crater Lakes/Maars:
CRATERS: Kanangkaan Crater (site of 1948 eruption)
Itum Crater (site of 1949 eruption)
Ilihan Crater (site of 1950 eruption)
MAAR: Taguines Lagoon (located between Binone and Maac)
Adjacent Volcanic Edifice: Mt. Vulcan ( 671 m high asl, NW of Hibok-Hibok ), Mt. Mambajao (center of Camiguin), Mt.
Ginsiliban (581 m high asl, southernmost Camiguin), Mt. Uhay (N of Mount Ginsiliban); Domes and cones: Campana Hill,
Minokol Hill, Tres Marias Hill, Mt. Carling, Mt. Tibane, Piyakong Hill
GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
Rock Type: Hornblende andesite and dacite
Tectonic Setting: Central Mindanao Arc
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Number of Historical Eruptions: 5
Latest Eruption/Activity: 1948 Sept. 31 - 1953 July
Eruption Type:
1. Pelean (e.g. 1948-1952)
2. Dome building with nuee ardente (e.g. 1871, 1949-1953)
3. Solfataric activity with subterranean sounds ( e.g. 1897-1902)
Eruption Sites during the 1948-1952 eruptions: Kanangkaan Crater (1948), Itum Crater (1949) and c) Ilihan Crater
(1950).