Light,Reflection,andRefraction

Chapters14and15
OPTICS

ElectromagneticWaves
Magneticfieldwaveperpendiculartoanelectricfield
wave

AllobjectsemitEMWs.
TempEMW

Electromagneticspectrum
Rangeofallfrequenciesoflight

Visiblelightisaverysmallportionofthatentirespectrum.

c
SpeedofLight3.00x108m/s.
=(wavelength)x(frequency)
c=

Example
AMRadiowaves
5.4x105Hz
1.7x106Hz
=?

VisibleLight
PartoftheEMShumanscansee
Red750nm(x109m)
Purple380nm

Bees,BirdsUV
SnakesIR

Reflection
Lightwavesusuallytravelinstraightpaths
Changeinsubstancechangesdirection
Opaquedoesnotpermitlight
somelightreflected
somelightabsorbedasheat

Reflection
Textureaffectsreflection
Diffusereflection(rough)

reflectslightinmanydifferentdirections,

Specularreflection(smooth)

reflectslightinonlyonedirection

Smoothvariationsinsurface

Mirrors
Lightstrikingamirrorreflectsatthesame
anglethatitstruckthemirror

FlatMirrors
p=q
pobjectsdistancetothemirror
qdistancefromthemirrortotheimage

Virtualimage
Doesnotexist
Madebyoureyes

RayDiagrams
Usedtopredictthelocationoftheimageofan
object

ConcaveSphericalMirrors
Reflectivesurfaceisontheinteriorofa
curvedsurface

Ccenterofcurvature
RRadius(distancetoC)
fFocalPoint(1/2R)
Principalaxis
anylinethatpassesthroughC
usuallyorientedwithanobject

MirrorEquations
1/objectdistance+1/imagedistance=
1/focallength
1/p+1/q=1/f

Magnification(M)=
Imageheight/objectheight(h/h)
(q/p)
M=h/h=(q/p)

SignofMagnification
SignofM

OrientationofImage

TypeofImage

Upright

Virtual

Inverted

Real

ConcaveSphericalMirrorRules
AraytravelingthroughCwillreflectback
throughC
Araytravelingthrough(f)willreflectparallelto
thePA
AraytravelingtotheintersectionofthePAand
themirrorwillreflectatthesameanglebelowthe
PA.
AraytravelingparalleltoPAwillreflectthrough
thefocalpoint

RayDiagrams
Drawthreerays
Theimageformsatthepointofintersection

Example
f=10.0cm
p=30.0cm
h=3.00cm

ConvexSphericalMirrors
Reflectivesurfaceisontheoutsideofthe
curve.
ThepointsfandCarelocatedbehindthe
mirror
negative

Rules
ArayparalleltothePAwillreflectdirectlyaway
fromf.
AraytowardsfwillreflectparalleltothePA
AraytowardsCwillreflectdirectlyawayfromC.
AraytotheintersectionofPAandmirrorwill
reflectatthesameanglebelowtheOA.
Tracethe3diverginglinesbackthroughthe
mirrortorevealthelocationoftheimagewhichis
alwaysvirtual

Example
f=8.00cm
p=10.0cm
h=3cm

ParabolicMirrors
Raysthathitsphericalmirrorsfaraway
fromtheOAoftenreflectthoughother
pointscausingfuzzyimages,spherical
aberration.
Telescopesuseparabolicmirrorsasthey
ALWAYSfocustheraystoasinglepoint.

Refraction
Substancesthataretransparentortranslucent
allowlighttopassthoughthem.
Changesdirectionoflight
Duetothedifferencesinspeedoflight

Analogy
Agoodanalogyforrefractinglightisa
lawnmowertravelingfromthesidewalk
ontomud

IndexofRefraction(n)
Theratioofthespeedoflightinavacuum
tothespeedoflightinamedium
nc

SnellsLaw
ni(sini)=nr(sinr)
r=sin1{(ni/nr)(sini)}
Example
i=30.0
ni=1.00
nr=1.52

i=30.0
ni=1.00
nr=1.52

TotalInternalReflection
Iftheangleofincidenceofarayisgreater
thanacertaincriticalangletheraywill
reflectratherthanreflect
Thisprincipalisresponsibleforthe
propertiesoffiberopticcables.
Rememberthelawnmoweranalogy

CriticalAngle
sinc=nr/ni
Aslongasnr<ni
Whatisthecriticalangleforlighttraveling
fromDiamondtoAir?

nr=1.000
ni=2.419

ThinLenses
Converging

Diverging

fcurveoflens&indexofrefraction

ConvergingLensDiagram
1. RayparalleltoPA,refractsthroughfar
focalpoint
2. Raythroughcenteroflens,continues
straightline
3. Raythroughnearfocalpoint,refracts
throughlens,continuesparalleltoPA
Treatlensasthoughitwereaflatplane.

DivergingLensDiagram
Becausetheraysthatenteradiverginglensdonot
intersectavirtualimageisformedbytracingback
therefractedrays.
Ray1paralleltoPA,refractsawayfromnearf,
tracebacktonearf.
Ray2raytowardfarf,refractsparalleltoPA,
tracebackparalleltoPA
Ray3raythroughcenter,continuesstraight,
tracebacktowardobject

SignConventionsforLens
Sign

Nearsideof Farsideof Converging

lens
lens
Lens

Farsideof Nearsideof Diverging

Lens
lens
lens

ConvergingLensExample
p=30.0cm
f=10.cm

DivergingLensExample
p=12.5cm
f=10.0cm