RE1334

KONVERSI TENAGA
LISTRIK I

Vita Lystianingrum

RE1334 Konversi Tenaga Listrik I

Electrical Power Conversion I

Semester III

2
SKS

Tujuan:
Memahami masalah energi, dasar-dasar mesin listrik arus searah dan transformator.
Prasyarat:
Rangkaian Listrik I dan Fisika II
Daftar Pustaka:
1.Prof.Dr. Zuhal, "Dasar Teknik Tenaga Listrik"
2.BL. Theraja, "A Text Book of Electrical Technology

RE1334 KONVERSI TENAGA LISTRIK I

1:
2:
3:

Energi dan permasalahannya

Konsep konversi energi
Pembangkitan energi listrik konvensional & non
konvensional
4: Dasar elektromagnetik, pengenalan bahan
magnetik dan elektromekanik
5: Mesin arus searah (DC)
6: Generator DC: cara kerja, klasifikasi dan
persamaan tegangan
7: Generator DC: rugi-rugi daya dan efisiensi,
efisiensi maksimum serta karakteristik
8:
9-10:
Ujian Tengah Semester
3

 Motivasi, Tujuan:
Menambah wawasan?

MAteri kuliah bisa didownload di: www.oc.its.ac.id

Komposisi Nilai
Tugas
UTS
UAS

35 % -> updated 21 Sept 10

30 %
35 %

Peraturan Kelas
Kelas dimulai jam 15.30 (toleransi 20 menit)

44

Updated Sept 20th 2010

http://ww.its.ac.id/akademik.peraturan.php
Beban Studi

Beban studi mahasiswa dinyatakan dalam Satuan Kredit Semester

(SKS). Makna SKS dalam hal ini adalah:
Makna Kuliah 1 SKS:

Beban mengikuti tiga kegiatan per minggu: 50 menit tatap muka dengan
dosen, 50-100 menit kegiatan terstuktur, 50-100 menit kegiatan
akademik mandiri

Beban mahasiswa per semester rata-rata 18 SKS per semester, berarti

18 x 3 jam per minggu, atau 52 jam per minggu atau rata-rata 10 jam
per hari.

Untuk belajar, rincian per harinya rata-rata:

3 jam untuk kuliah
3 jam untuk responsi/tugas
4 jam untuk belajar mandiri

Introduction

Vita Lystianingrum

Grading
Assignment & Quiz : 30%
Exam
: 70%

Energy

Vita Lystianingrum

 Prof. Abdul Kadir, Energi.

Petry, L. Renewable Energies, Lecture

Notes, Darmstadt University of Applied

Science, 2007.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy
tiki.oneworld.net/energy/energy.html

 Energy**
SI units:

joules (J): amounts of energy, work, heat

quantity
watts (W): power, energy rate/energy flow,
heat flow

1 Joule = 1 Watt second

1 watt = 1 joule per second**
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World energy consumption

World power usage in terawatts (TW), 1965-2005. [1]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy:_world_resources_and_consumption#_note-EIA

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World energy resources

Worldwide energy supply in TW[4]

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Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source

fuels, this is, hydrocarbons found within the top

layer of the earths crust.
There are three major forms of fossil fuels:
coal, oil and natural gas.

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Fossil Fuel
It is generally accepted that they formed from

the fossilized remains of dead plants and

animals[1] by exposure to heat and pressure in
the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of
years.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources
because they take millions of years to form and
reserves are being depleted much faster than
new ones are being formed.

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Fossil Fuel
It was estimated by the

Energy Information Administration that in 2005 86%

of primary energy production in the world came from
burning fossil fuels.

Worldwide energy supply in TW[4]

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Energy Problems: Environmental Problems

Problems caused by the burning of fossil fuels:
Emissions build up during the output, processing, transport and
burning of the sources of energy. Sulphur dioxide, soot, carbon
monoxide (CO).
-> toxic for the people & environment.

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Energy Problems: Environmental Problems: Green

house effect (1)
By the action of different natural trace gases in the atmosphere,

like steam or CO2, the arriving sunlight is held back as in a

hothouse.
The greenhouse effect is the process in which the emission of
infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface.

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Energy Problems: Environmental Problems: Green

house effect (2)
Burning fossil fuel produces large amount of

greenhouse gases, especially CO2.

Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's

lower atmosphere, is believed to be the result of an

enhanced greenhouse effect due to increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.

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Energy Problems: Energy Crisis

Natural reserves of fossil energy sources will only last

for a few more generations.

The shortage of fossil fuels will cause rising prices.

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 In response to energy crisis and environmental issue,

the principles of green energy and sustainable living

movements gain popularity.
This has led to increasing interest in alternate

power/fuel research such as fuel cell technology,

liquid nitrogen economy, hydrogen fuel, biomethanol,
biodiesel, Karrick process, solar energy,
geothermal energy, tidal energy, wave power, and
wind energy, and fusion power.

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Worldwide energy supply in TW[4]

World renewable energy in 2005

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(except 2004 data for items marked* or **).[3]

Available renewable energy.

The volume of the cubes represent the amount of available
wind and solar energy. The small red cube shows the
proportional global energy consumption.

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Energy Conversion
Tab. 1-4

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Electricity Generation (next topic)

Electricity generation is the process of

converting some form of energy into

electricity.

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Methods of generating electricity

Turbines

Rotating turbines attached to electrical generators produce

most commercially available electricity. Turbines are driven
by a fluid which acts as an intermediate energy carrier.

Steam:
the burning of fossil fuels
nuclear fission
solar parabolic troughs and solar power towers
Geothermal power.
Water (hydroelectric):
Wind
Hot gas (gas turbine)

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Methods of generating electricity

Reciprocating engines

A reciprocating engine, also

often known as a piston
engine, is a heat engine that
uses one or more pistons to
convert pressure into a
rotating motion.

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Methods of generating electricity

Photovoltaic panels

Others

Electrochemical (Fuel cell)

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 Assignment: presentation of 1 electricity

generation method can be based on Abdul

Kadirs book.
How it works
Efficiency, Cost, Positive & negative effects
Current trends & energy policy regarding this

method (world & Indonesia)

State the reference!
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 Tugas 1 Sem Genap 0809

Cari artikel dari media cetak/internet, min thn 2005, mengenai

berbagai tipe pembangkit listrik (lihat slide selanjutnya).
Tuliskan referensi / linknya.
Tuliskan poin-poin kesimpulan/ide dari artikel tersebut.
Tugas dkumpulkan sebelum kuliah tg 2 Maret 2009, atau
dikirim (kalau cukup) ke vita@ee.its.ac.id.
Tugas dikumpulkan dlm bentuk,

1. file html atau mht.

2. file ppt : 1. anggota kelompok, judul, poin2 kesimpulan/ide, 3.
link/referensi

 Rotating Turbine
Steam:
(1..5) 2. nuclear fission -> nuclear power station
(6..10) 3. solar parabolic troughs and solar power towers
(11..15)Geothermal power.
Water (hydroelectric):
4. (16..20) tidal forces & wave force
5. (21..25) Wind
6. (26..31) biomass

(32..37) 1. Photovoltaic panels

7. (38..43)Fuel cell

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Contoh: File ContohPLTAngin.mht, Kompas Sept 2006

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Contoh: File bioenergiedorf.pdf, Gatra April 2006

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 Thank You!

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 Primary energy is energy that has not been

subjected to any conversion or transformation

process.
Examples of primary energy resources
include coal, crude oil, sunlight, wind, running
rivers, vegetation, and uranium.
Primary energy includes
non-renewable energy and renewable energy
.

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 Primary energies are transformed in

energy conversion processes to more

convenient forms of energy, such as
electrical energy and cleaner fuels. In energy
statistics these forms are called
secondary energy.

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Nuclear Power

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 Nuclear Energy is energy that is directly released

from the atomic nucleus.

Nuclear energy is released by three exoenergetic (or
exothermic) processes:

Radioactive decay, where a neutron or proton in the

radioactive nucleus decays spontaneously by emitting
either particles, electromagnetic radiation (gamma
rays), neutrinos (or all of them)
Fusion, two atomic nuclei fuse together to form a
heavier nucleus
Fission, the breaking of an heavy nucleus into two
(more rarely three) lighter nuclei.
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 Nuclear power is a type of

nuclear technology involving the controlled

use of nuclear fission to release energy for
work including propulsion, heat, and the
generation of electricity.
Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled
nuclear chain reaction and creates heat
which is used to boil water, produce steam,
and drive a steam turbine.
The turbine can be used for mechanical work
and also to generate electricity.
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Renewable Energy: Hydropower

Worldwide hydroelectricity consumption reached

816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large

plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large
hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was added by China
, Brazil and India during the year, but there was a
much faster growth (8%) in small hydro, with 5 GW
added, mostly in China where some 58% of the
world's small hydro plants are now located.[3]
In the Western world, although Canada is the largest
producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the
construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due
to environmental concerns.[24]
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Renewable Energy: Biomass & biofuel

Until the end of the nineteenth century biomass was the

predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall

energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was
estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation
increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands,
Poland and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in
2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to
around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is
excluded.[3]
World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to
reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the
increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of
consumption in Brazil.[3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9
billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest
growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is
produced in Germany.[3]
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Renewable Energy: Wind power

According to the Global Wind Energy Council, the

installed capacity of wind power increased by 25.6%

in from the end of 2005 to end of 2006 to total 74 GW
with over half the increase in the United States,
Germany, India and Spain.[25] Doubling of capacity
took about three and half years. The total installed
capacity is approximately three times that of the
actual average power produced as the nominal
capacity represents peak output; actual capacity is
generally from 25-40% of the nominal capacity.[
citation needed]

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Renewable Energy: Solar power

Solar energy used during 2005 was approximately 93.4 GW; however, the
available resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Only a small fraction of
available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear
power as an energy source. Assuming that our current rate of usage remains
constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 35 years, coal in 200 yrs. In
practice neither will actually run out, as natural constraints will force production
to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.[26][27]
In 2005 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing
renewable energy after biodiesel. During the year consumption increased by
55% on 2004 to bring the installed capacity to 3.1 GW. Over half of the increase
was in Germany, now the world's largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity
(followed by Japan). It was estimated that there was a further 2.3 GW of off-grid
electricity produced, bringing the total to 5.4 GW.[3]
Portugal has opened the world's most powerful photovoltaic solar power plant.
The 11 megawatt solar power plant, comprising 52,000 photovoltaic modules is
based in southern Portugal which is one of the sunniest places in Europe. It
produces sufficient energy to power 8000 homes (see
Renewable energy in Portugal).[28]
The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at
88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed
swimming pools is excluded.[3]

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Renewable Energy: Geothermal

Geothermal energy is used commercially in

over 70 countries.[29] By the end of 2005

worldwide use for electricity had reached
9.3 GW, with an additional 28 GW used
directly for heating.[3] If heat recovered by
ground source heat pumps is included, the
non-electric use of geothermal energy is
estimated at more than 100 GW.[29]

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 Environmental effect of fossil fuel burning ->

global warming

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