Unit I

GENERAL
GEOLOGY

GEOLOG
Definitio

one or more
n:The science that deal
aspects of the Earth as a planet groupe
s
with
are
d
together as Earth science.

Geo-Earth ; Loges
science

It is the science that deals

study
Earth science
with the
of
Geology

Study of

Earth
Hypothesis

Continental drift
theory
Origin
Palaeo

Age

Magnetism
Plate Tectonics
By

Radioactivity
Structure

Internal
structure

a a Plane
s

Evolutio modificati
subsurface
n, Mountains
on

features
Platea

an

Extinctio

surfac

an

us
Plains
Valley
s
Basins
Caves
Coast
Deal with
the
materials the
al,
marin
s making
up
Earth
e and
Atmosph
subm
ere
arine
Lithosph
forms
ere
Consider
a fundamental basic
Hydrosph
Chemistry,
ere
ed Biospher
s science

lik Physic
e

s,

1. Physic

Branches of Geology

Geology - The structural disposition of the rock bodies &

huge bodies of ice form other specific subjects of study is
(volcanism
&
atmosphere
water physical Geology. It deals with agents
earthquake) External agents (wind, water, ice &
2. )&
al

Geomorphology
- The study of the features of the earth surfaces
internal
mainly the land like mountains, plains, plateaus, valleys & basins.
Mineralogy - It deals with formation, occurrence, aggregation,
4.
properties & uses of minerals crystallography branch mineralogy.
Petrology - It deals with formation of various types of rocks,
their mode of occurrence, their composition texture, structures,
1. Palacogeograph
geological
& graphical distribution of rocks. It is subdivided into.
2. y
3. Paleontology
3.

5. Economic
Geology - It deals with study of minerals & rocks which can be
Stratigiaphy
exploited
for he benefits of man. These include.

1. Ore Iron, aluminum, copper

In additio
Geochemist - It is th branc of scienc tha deal wit
1
chemical constitution of earth as a
e
h
e
t
s
h
. ry
2. whole

n,

th
e

Geophysics - It deals with important physics,

processes & methods of physics applied to solve
3. many geological problems like geomagnetism geo
4 electrolyze etc.
. Geo hydrology - It deals with interaction b/w
& geology
practices & geologist
5 hydrology
Geology - To
It check
is applied
to the load
6.
Rock Mechanics
whether
. Mining
mining
applied practice
to rock is safe
7. Geo
mechanics
- Geology
the
developing
egg. Science
Engineering
- It
for the
construction
concern
with the
study of Natural
force
deal
with
interaction
civilfields as acting
It is
Newly b/w
which
8. Engg
on the earth
9

Engineering

Geology
ma
be define as
branc of
E
applie science which deal with the
y
d
that
h
application
geology for
G
d safe, s
s
of Stable,
a

economic desig & constructi

al
n
on
engineeri
projec
ng

of civil

Scope of Geology in
Engineering
Th
basic objects are of two
e

It enables
fold

Implications of
civil
certain

engineer
understan Engg
conditions related to the area
to
d
.
of

construction, which essentially geological in nature.

It enable a geologi to
the Nature of
geological
information which is absolutely essential
are
s
st
understand
for a
safe design & construction of a civil engineering
projects.

Th
majo
activiti
of
a
professional civil engineering
e
r
es
are in

Construction job
Water Resource
Development
Town & Regional
Planning

I) Geology in construction
In aljobs
heavy
l construction

job lik
s

Dams & reservoirs

Tower
Tanks
Embankments & retaining
Highways & bridges
structures
Trafic & hydro power
tunnelsof canals
Lining
Laying of drainage pipes etc site,
Planning,
We need to have a clear
idea about the

Plannin

Topographic
) g
Relief features - essential to understand the merits
Maps

& demerits
Rate of change to elevation in various
The nature of slopes, depth of valley, be
directions can

easily

Hydrological
computed.
Surface &
water channel, occurrence depth
maps
subsurface
its
&
Geological
.

Rock types
Maps

Structural disposition of
rocks
Materials of construction
Exploratory operations (test

ii Desig

existen of hard
& thei
) n
depth from & inclination the
The ce
bedrocks
r
with Mechanic properti surface.
of th roc
especially compressive,
transver
The al
es
k
& e
strengt
modulu
of
shear
se
permeability & resistance to
h,
s
elasticit
decay.
y,

iii)
To chec th qualit contr of th
Construction
construction
lik sand gravel
k
e
y
ol
e
materials
e s,
s,

ar bes understo in Geologic

gushed
rocks &
perspectiv
all
e
t
od
al
soil.
e.

II Geology in water Resources

) Development

Water is an basic needs to

our life

Water cycle is the term given to the

sum
total

evaporation of water from the

in the form of rain & snow +
ofprecipitati
water
cycle:
hydrosphere + its
on
flow

back into

lakes, sea & oceans.

It depends Surface & subsurface

the

III. Geology in Town & Regional

planning
A town planner is concerned with
& landscape
i.e. maximum benefits with minimum
disturbance to Natural environment.
its utilization

of

regional planner is responsible

A
for adopting

an integrat approac in al suc case of

allocation of land for development
ed
h
l h
s
projects.

Responsibiliti of Civi Engine

Civil Engineers and Geologist work together in Major Civil Engg Srtucture
in different levels:
1. Planning
2. Design
3.
Construct
ion
4. Maintanence

es

Geological mapping

Exploration
Project planning
Hydrological / surface water
maps
Hydrogeological maps
Slope
stability/landslide/landslip
Hydraulic structure / Dams

er

Geolog in othe field

y
r

Land
Space exploration
evaluation
nuclear
Oceanogra
phy

s
explosio
ns