Ion exchange

Ali Masduqi

Contents
1.
2.
3.

4.

10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Theory of ion exchange

Properties of ion exchanger
Applications of the ion
exchange process
Design procedure of ion
exchanger

Ion Exchange

Theory of ion exchange

Definition:
A process where insoluble substance
removes ion of positive or negative charge
from electrolytic solution and releases other
ion of like charge into solution in a
chemically equivalent amount.

10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

Theory of ion exchange (cont.)

The general reaction for the exchange of ion A and B:

nR-A+ + Bn+ Rn-Bn+ + nA+
The equilibrium constant for above reaction:
Bn
K
A

(R n Bn ) R (A )sn

(R A ) nR (Bn )s

KBA is a constant which is referred to as a selectivity

coefficient. Selectivity coefficient is relative affinities
of ions.
10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

Theory of ion exchange (cont.)

The affinity of an ion for resin can generalized by the

following rules:
Ions

of high valence are preferred over ions of low

valence
For ions of the same valence the extent of the exchange
reaction increases with decreasing hydrated radius and
increasing atomic number

Diffusion An important process in the ion

exchange
10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

Theory of ion exchange (cont.)

The rate of film diffusion can be increased by:

Increasing agitation
Increasing the concentration of exchanging ions in the
solution
Increasing the total surface area of the resin
Increasing the temperature
For general exchange reaction: RA + B RB + A, the overall
rate of the exchange=
D r [RB]R
3D o r[B]S
10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

Properties of ion exchanger

Types of ion exchanger:

Cation exchanger resin
1.
2.

Strong-acid exchange resin

Weak-acid exchange resin

Anion exchanger resin

1.
2.

Strong-base exchange resin

Weak-base exchange resin

10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

2.1.1

Cation exchanger resin

Strong-acid exchange resin

R SO3 : H NaCl HCl R SO3 : Na
These resins can be regenerated with a strong acid such as H 2SO4 or
HCl
2R SO3 : Na H 2SO 4 Na 2SO 4 2R SO 3 : H

Weak-acid exchange resin

O
O

R C O : H NaHCO3 R C O : Na H 2CO3
These resins can be regenerated with any acid stronger than the
functional group

O
O

R C O : Na HCl R C O : H NaCl
10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

2.1.2

Anion exchanger resin

Strong-base exchange resin

R NR 3 : OH Cl R NR 3 : Cl OH
These resins can be regenerated with NaOH

R NR 3 : Cl NaOH R NR 3 : OH NaCl

Weak-base exchange resin

R NH 2 HCl R NH 2 .HCl
These resins can be regenerated by eluting the adsorbed acid with
bases such as NaOH, Na2CO3, and NH4OH
R NH 2 .HCl Na 2CO3 R NH 2 2 NaCl H 2CO3
10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

Properties of ion exchanger (contd)

Characteristics of ion exchanger:

1. Ion exchange capacity
2. Moisture-retention capacity (moisture
content)
3. Density

10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

10

10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

11

10/1/15 02:03:56 AM

Ion Exchange

12

2.2

Ion exchange capacity

Usually expressed as total capacity or

operating capacity
CoVop Co n
X

( YiVi )
Vr
Vr i 1

Limiting operating capacity (LOC)

X B

1 X B

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

B
K' A

X B

1 X B

Ion Exchange

LOC X * X B
13

Applications of the ion exchange

process

Water softening
Demineralization
Chromium removal
Nitrogen (ammonia) removal

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

14

3.1.

Water softening

Ion exchange softening utilizes the sodium cycles

ion exchanger is charged with sodium:
Ca 2
X .Ca

X .Mg
2
Mg

X
.
Na

4
Na

2
2
Fe

X .Fe
Na
X .Na2

When the capacity is exhausted, bed is recharged

using brine
Ca 2
X .Ca

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

X .Mg
2

Mg
2 Na

X
.
Na

2
2
X
.
Fe
Fe

X .Na2
Na
Ion Exchange
15

3.2.

The cation exchange resin operates on the

hydrogen cycle and the anion resin operates on
the hydroxil cycle

Ca 2

Demineralization

Mg 2

Fe 2
2 Na

X .Ca
X .Mg

X .H 2
2H
X .Fe
X .Na2

SO42

X .SO4

2Cl X .(OH ) 2 X .Cl2 2OH

2 HSiO
X .( SiO )
3
3 2

Ion exchanger recharge:

X .Ca
X .Mg

X .Fe
X .Na2

Ca 2

2
Mg

2H
X .H 2
2
Fe
2 Na

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

X .SO4

X .Cl2

2Cl X .(OH ) 2
2 HSiO
3

2OH

X .( SiO )
3 2

SO42

16

Applications of the ion exchange

process

Attention !!

Preference series for the most common cations:

Ba2+ > Pb2+ > Sr2+ > Ca2+ > Ni2+ > Cd2+ > Cu2+ > Co2+
> Zn2+ > Mg2+ > Ag+ > Cs+ > K+ > NH4+ > Na+ > H+

Preference series for the most common anions:

SO42= > I- > NO3- > CrO42- > Br- > Cl- > OH-

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

17

Design procedure of ion exchanger

Approach:

ln

Co
C

k1 qo M
Q

Scale-up approach

Kinetics approach use LOC

k 1C oV
Q

System operation

Service
Backwashing
Regeneration
Rinsing
Operating mode

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

18

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

19

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

20

WATERDEMINERALIZATION
H+

WATER
FROM WTP
Ca++
Mg++
Na+
K+
Fe++
Cu+

CO3-HCO3ClSO4-SiO2-NO3-

H+

CO3-HCO3ClSO4-SiO2-NO3-

Air + CO2

OH-

Air

H+

CATION
EXCHANGER

H+

DEGASIFIER

CO3--<<
HCO3-<<
ClSO4-SiO2-NO3-

ANION
EXCHANGER

OH-

DEMINERALIZED
WATER

Reactor Design

Hydraulic Loading Rate

HLR is used for determining cross section area

Q
A
HLR

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

22

Reactor Design

Reactor Volume
Q. Co. t = V(bulk). *(bulk A)

Q = flow of water to be treated

Co = influent conc. of ion to be removed
t = duration of run before exhausting
V(bulk)= bulk volume of moist resin used in reactor
bed
*(bulk A) = volumetric isotherm capacity of ion
exchanger for species A+ to be removed

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

23

Reactor Design

Bed Depth

L( reactor )

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

V( bulk )
A( cross sec tion )

Ion Exchange

24

CONTOH DISAIN PERHITUNGAN

10/1/15 02:03:57 AM

Ion Exchange

25