Visual Testing ( VT )

Penetrant Testing ( PT )
Magnetic Particle Testing ( MPT )
Ultrasonic Testing ( UT )
Radiography Testing ( RT )
Eddy Current Testing ( ECT )

Leak Testing ( LT )

Accoustic Emission Testing ( AET )

Thermal Infra Red ( TIR )

Neutran Radiographic Testing ( NRT )

REQUIREMENTS OF NDT PERSONNEL

QUALIFICATION

SNT TC 1A
destructive

Recommended

Practice

for

Non-

Testing Personnel Qualification and

Certification.
ASNTCP 189
Certification

- ASNT Standard for Qualification and

Of Non-destructive Testing Personnel.

ASNT
Personnel.

American Society For Non-destructive Testing

ISNT
Personnel.

Indian Society For Non-destructive Testing

LEVEL OF QUALIFICATION
Level I

Level II

Operator
Inspector / Interpretor

LIQUID PENETRANT TEST ( LPT )

History

Oil & Whiting Method For Rail

Road

Principle

- Capillary Action of Penetrant

&
Blotting Action of Developer

Application - To detect the discontinuities (e.g.

Cracks,
pen to the

Seams, Laps, Lamination & Porosity etc.)

surface in non porous materials.

Equipment
. Cleaner

- Solvent or Water

. Penetrant - Oil base with Dye

. Developer - Chalk powder
Addition of the above Linen cloth, Cotton waste or
absorbent paper for cleaning purpose.

BASIC STEPS INVOLVED IN LPT

.SURFACE PREPARATION /
CLEANING
.PENETRANT APPLICATION
.EXCESS PENETRANT REMOVAL
.DEVELOPER APPLICATION
.DEVELOPING TIME
.EXAMINATION & EVALUATION
.RECORDING
.POST-CLEANING

TECHNIQUES
(Visible or Fluorescent dye)
I)

Water Washable

II) Post Emulsification

III) Solvent Removal

PRE-

Properties of Developer
-

Blotting Action

Contrast Background

Properties of Penetrant
-Wetting ability
-Surface Tension
-Capillary
-High fluidity
-Flash point
-Temperature stability
-Visibility
-Volatility
-Corrosive property
i) Sulfur free

- for In base alloy

ii) Halogen free

SS and Ti

- for Austenitic

TESTING OF PENETRANTS
.Chrome Sensitivity Panel
.Aluminum Comparator Block
.Fluorescence Comparison Test
.Visibility
.Drying Test

LIMITATIONS OF DPT
-

Can not give the indication for depth.

Poor repeatability of test.

- Retest should be done with same type of

penetrant only.
- Not suitable for porous material.
- Not applicable for hidden defects.

LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS

ASME SEC-V (ARTICLE - 22)
SE-165-91

Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection

ethod.

SE-1209-91

Fluorescent Penetrant Examination using water

ashable
process.

SE-1219-91
Standard
Testing Method
Penetrant
Examination
removable Process

for Fluorescent
using
Solvent

SE-1220-91
Standard Test Method for visible Penetrant
Examination using solvent removable

PRINCIPLE
Uses Electro-Magnetic Waves of very short
wave lengths (X - rays and Gamma Rays) to
penetrate material
and
the transmitted
energy records the image of discontinuity of
the material on the film.

APPLICATIONS
Used on any material, metal & weld
detect surface of internal detects. Film
provides a permanent record.

LIMITATIONS

High Initial cost and

hazard to
personnel.

potential

safety

to

SOURCE OF RADIATION
i.
Electrically energised equipment. The
rays
are called x-rays.
ii.
Radioactive material. The emitted rays
are
called Gamma Rays.
In x-ray machine the energy level and output can
be varied.
In Gamma Equipment
the energy level is
constant for a particular type of source and
output is constant for and individual source.

Higher
enetrating

the

energy
power.

level,

greater

is

the

HALF LIFE - Strength of source reduces with the

me
and when it becomes half of the
ctual
strength, its
nown as half life.
Isotopes

Half life

Iridium 192

74 days

Thulium 170

128 days

Cobalt 60

5.3 yrs.

Cesium 137

33 yrs

SENSITIVITY
It is a measure of the ability to detect the
smallest dimension of discontinuity in the
radiograph.
Sensitivity is a function of "Definition" and
"Contrast".
DEFINITION DEPENDS ON
i.
ii.

Geometric Un-Sharpness
(Penumbra Effect)
Film Grain Size

CONTRAST DEPENDS ON
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Energy Level
Inherent Contrast of Film
Fog Level of Film
Scatter Radiation.

DENSITY
It is a measure of degree of darkness of film.
It is expressed in 10 Base Log Scale.
DENSITY LIMITS
x-rays
Gamma Rays

1.8 to 4.0
2.0 to 4.0

ROENTGEN
It is the amount of ionising radiation which
would produce one Electro static unit of
charge in a cubic centimetre of air at
standard temperature (00c) and pressure
(760mm Hg)

CURIE
It is a measure of radioactivity or strength
of source. It is defined as 3.7 x 1010 Disintegrations per second.

RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
1.

SINGLE WALL TECHNIQUE

i.
ii.

Single Shot Technique.

Panoramic Technique.

2.
i.
ii.
iii.

DOUBLE WALL TECHNIQUE

Double Wall Single Image
Double Wall Double Image
Double Wall Superimposed

GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS (Ug)

Ug =

fxt
d

where,
f =

Focal spot size of source of

radiation
t = Thickness of object.
D =
Distance between source of
radiation
and the object.

Ug Limits as per ASME Section V, Article 2

Thickness Range
Upto2" Thickness
0.020"
2" to 3
3" to 4"

0.070"

PENETRAMETER
WIRE TYPE
I)
II)
2.

ASTM STANDARD
DIN STANDARD

HOLE TYPE

INDUSTRIAL FILMS
I)
II)
III)

0.030"
0.040"

4" and above"

1.

Maximum Ug

SLOW

SPEED

MEDIUM

SPEED

HIGH SPEED

RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARDS
ASME - SECTION - V (ARTICLE - 22)
SE 94
Standard Practice for Radiographic Testing.
SE 186
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy
Walled (2" to 4 1/2") Steel Castings.
SE 280
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy
Walled (4 1/2" to 12") Steel Castings.
SE - 446
Standard Reference Radiographs
Castings up to 2" Thickness

for

Steel

SE 747
Standard Method of Controlling Quality of
Radiographic Testing using wire penetrameter.
SE - 1025
Standard Practice for Hole Type image quality
indicators used for Radiography.

SE 1079
Standard
Transmission

Practice

for

calibration

for

Magnetism - A part is magnetized when some

or all of the molecules within the parts are
aligned.

N
S
Random orientation
of molecules
n- Magnetized )

Aligned molecules
( Magnetized)

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL
.Diamagnetic
e.g.

- Very difficult to magnetized

Hg, Au, Zn, Bi

.Paramagnetic
Accept
magnetism
wood, Pt , Sullphate
.Ferromagnetism
strongly

Can

only

slight
e.g. Al, Cu,

be

magnetized

e.g. Fe, Co, Ni,

MAGNETIC PARTICLE
INSPECTION
PRINCIPLE
Uses electrical current or permanent
magnet to create a magnetic field in a
specimen,and flux leakage occurred at
discontinuity.
Magnetic
particles
cumulate on flux leakage and indicate the
discontinuity.

APPLICATIONS
Used on metal which can be magnetised
(Ferromagnetic) to detect surface or
sub-surface discontinuities.
Simple to
use and portable for field testing.

LIMITATIONS
be

Cannot be used on metals, which cannot

magnetised.

CLASSIFICATION OF M.P. TEST METHODS

A. CIRCULAR MAGNETIZATION
1.

DIRECT INDUCTION
i.

HEAD SHOT METHOD

By passing current through the

material.
ii.

PROD MAGNETIZATION
Where size and location does not permit
to use Head Shot or Central Conductor
method.

2. INDIRECT INDUCTION
By placing a current carrying conductor into
this specimen.
B. LONGITUDINAL MAGNETIZATION
1. COIL OR SOLENOID METHOD
When the length of specimen is several
times
its diameter or cross section - this
method is
used by
placing it length
wise in the field.
2.

YOKE TYPE
It is a horse shoe magnet made by
electrically energising it or by the

YOKE TECHNIQUE
i.
ii.
iii.

Direct Current Yoke

Alternate Current Yoke
Permanent Magnet Yoke

MPT METHODS
1.

Based on Magnetic Particle type

a)
b)

2.

Visible
Fluorescent

Based on Magnetic Particle Application

a)
b)

Dry
Wet
CHECKING OF YOKE

LIFTING POWER
i.
DC Type & Permanent
- 40 Lbs.
( At Max. Pole Spacing )

Min.Weight

ii. AC type
- 10 Lbs.
(At Max. Pole Spacing )

Min.Weight

Eight low carbon steel pie sections,

Furnace brazed together

1 in.

Non Ferrous handle

of any convenient length

Artificial flaw
(All segment interfaces)
1/ 32 in. max.
Brazed weld or mechanically attach
Non-ferrous trunnions
Copper Plate
0.010 in. 0.010 in. thick
1/ 8 in.

ASTM Magnetic Particle Field I ndicator

MAGNET PARTICLE STANDARDS
ASME SECTI ON V (ARTI CLE 25)
SE-709
Standard practice for Magnetic Particle
Examination

est

PRINCIPLE
Uses ultrasound wave to penetrate material,
indicating discontinuities
on Oscilloscope
Screen.

APPLICATIONS
Used on metals, ceramics,
plastics, etc. to
detect surface and internal discontinuities. When
automated, indications are recorded on paper,
it provides a permanent record. Also used for
measuring thickness.

LIMITATIONS
Moderately high initial cost. Interpretation of
results requires highly trained personnel.

TYPE OF ULTRASONIC WAVES

1.

LONGITUDINAL (OR COMPRESSION) WAVES

2.

TRANSVERSE (OR SHEAR) WAVES

3.

SURFACE WAVE

4.

PLATE ( LAM B ) WAVES

PROPERTIES OF ULTRASONIC BEAM

1. Travel in a straight line.
Reflect and refract from the boundary of

2.
different

acoustic media.
3. .Attenuate while passing through a media.
4. The extent of attenuation depends on
-

Absorption ( dependent on grain size )

Diffraction or spreading (dependent on wa

length and probe diameter )

5.

Velocity in a media depends on the densi

&

elastic constants. The values for

differen
media's are given in the following chart.

TECHNIQUES
1. Contact Testing
2. Immersion testing
DATA PRESENTATION
1. `A' SCAN METHOD
This method is commonly known as Pulse
Echo
Method. Time versus Amplitude
display shown on Cathode Ray Tube.
2. `B' SCAN METHOD
This method displays cross sectional
view.
3. `C' SCAN METHOD
This method displays plan view and
comparable
to radiographic image.

NOTE:More than 90 % of total Ultrasonic

Examinations are
carried out by "A" Scan

Method.

METHODS
.PULSE-ECHO
.THROUGH TRANSMISSION
.RESONANCE
TYPES OF PROBES
I.
PROBE.

SINGLE CRYSTAL NORMAL BEAM

II.

SINGLE CRYSTAL ANGLE BEAM PROBE.

III.

TWIN CRYSTAL PROBES.

"DAC" CURVE
Same size of defect or reference reflector at
different distance/depth give's different
signal amplitude because of attenuation of
ultrasonic beam in medium. As such defect
Amplitude correction Curve has to be drawn
as shown in fig.

T/2
T/2
SDH 2.4 mm

ULTRASONIC STANDARD
SA - 388
Recommended practice for Ultrasonic testing and
inspection of heavy steel forging.
SA - 435
Standard specification for straight beam ultrasonic
examination of steel plates.
SA - 577
Standard specification of ultrasonic angle beam
examination of steel plates.
SA - 578
Standards
specification
for
straight
beam
ultrasonic
examination
of plain and clad steel
plates of special application.
SA - 609
Standard specification for longitudinal ultrasonic
inspection of carbon and low alloy steel casting.
SA - 745
Standard practice for Ultrasonic
austenitic steel forging.

examination

of

SE - 213
Standard practice for ultrasonic inspection of metal
pipes and tubes.
SE - 797
Standard practice for thickness measurement by
manual contact ultrasonic method.