C L 1-- Right to Equality

Introduction : Arts. 14 to 18
Art. 14 guarantees
Equality before the law and
Equal protection of the laws
Origin and Meaning

 Rule of law: 1 Absolute supremacy of the law

2 Equality before the law
3 Predominance of legal spirit
-- A V Dicey
--Limitations : Arts. 31c ,359 & 361
--Equality among equals Treating unequals
equally leads to inequality. But all are not
equal by nature,attainment and
circumstances.

 Art. 14 forbids class legislation but

permits reasonable classifiction.
--It must fulfill two conditions
--1 Intelligible differentia
--2 Rational nexus
Judiciary on Art. 14
--Suneel Jatley Vs Haryana 1984
25% reservation for Rural
Students --invalid

--Mithu Vs Punjab 1983 Sec.303 IPC

Invalid
--KA Abbas Vs UIO 1971
Cinematograph Act 1952
Classification of films to A & U Valid
--Ajay Hasia Vs Khalid Mujib 1981
--Air India Vs Nargesh Mirza 1981 Air
India & Indian Airlines Regs. 46 & 47
Held bad
--Revathi Vs UIO 1988 Secs. 198(2)

--Indian Council of Legal Aid & Advice Vs BCI 1995

Rule 9 of BCI Rules 45 yrs --violated Sec. 24
Advocates Act 1961 & Art.14
--Deepak Sibal Vs Punjab University 1989
Preference to govt. employees for admission
into evening law course bad
--GV Kumari Vs Andhra Education Society 2010
UDC granted study leave joined 3 days late
terminated14 violated

 Javed Vs Haryana 2003 Sec.175(1)

(g) HPR Act 1994 validobject
being national population policy &
socio economic welfare &
development of women & child
Basis of classification:
--Historical and Geographical :
--State is a class by itself :
--Taxation laws :

--EI Tobacco Co Vs AP 1962

--Venkateswara Theatre Vs AP 1993
AP Entertainment Tax (A) Act 1984
classification of cinema houses -different show tax valid
--Indian Express Newspapers Vs UOI
1985 big, medium & small
---customs duty valid
--RK Garg Vs UOI 1981 Special Bearer
Bonds (IE) Ordinance 1981

 Special Courts : --In re special courts

bill 1978
Administrative Discretion :--Suman
Gupta Vs J&K 1983 5% of medical
admissions on reciprocal basis Yick
wo Vs Hopkins---a law of city of
Sanfransisco good but application
denied equal protection of laws
Single person laws : Chiranjit Lal Vs
UOI 1961

Article 15
Specific application of equality
1 Prohibits the State to discriminate
against citizens on grounds only of
religion, race , caste, sex, place of
birth or any of them.
2 Prohibits subjection of a citizen to
any disability, liability, restriction or
condition
(a) with regard to access
to shops, hotels, places of public
entertainment or resort.

(b) or the use of wells, tanks, roads, bathing

ghats or resorts maintained wholly or partly
out of state funds or dedicated for public .
States power to make special provisions
for the advancement of --3 women & children
4 any SEBCs , SCs or STs --1st Amend. 1951
5 reservations for weaker sections in
educational institutions including

private unaided except minority

institutions. Added by the Const.93rd
Amend. Act 2005
CASE LAW : D P Joshi Vs Madhya
Bharat 1955
Rajasthan Vs Pratap
Singh 1960 Bombay Vs Bombay
Education Society 1954
Yusuf Abdul Aziz Vs Bombay 1954
AP Vs PB Vijaya kumar 1995