F

I
R
TA

D
N
A
F

N
O
N

F
F
I
R
A
-T

PRESENTED BY:
RUBY JHA

1 INTRODUCTION
This report examines tariff and non-tariff policies
that restrict trade between countries in
agricultural commodities.
Many of these policies are now subject to important
disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that
is administered by the World Trade Organization
(WTO).

1.1 BACKGROUND
Tariffs and Tariff Rate Quotas
1.2 ISSUES
Non-Tariff Trade Barriers
Domestic Content Requirements
1.3 IMPORT LICENSES
Import State Trading Enterprises
1.4 TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE
1.5 EXCHANGE RATE MANAGEMENT
POLICIES

2 NON TARIFF TRADE BARRIERS AND

NEW PROTECTIONISM LEARNING
OUTCOMES
2.1 ARGUMENTS FOR FREE TRADE
2.2 ARGUMENTS FOR PROTECTION
2.3 FALL AND RISE OF PROTECTIONISM
2.4 DEMERITS OF PROTECTION

3: DOHA ROUND OF
NEGOTIATIONS
3.1 CII AND THE DOHA ROUND
3.2 NON-AGRICULTURAL MARKET
ACCESS (NAMA)
3.3 SERVICES
3.4 AGRICULTURE
3.5 TRADE FACILITATION

4: TARIFF AND NON-TARIFF BARRIERS

BENEFIT DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NEW STUDY
There is considerable evidence for the hypothesis
that under certain conditions, restrictions on trade
can promote growth, especially of developing
countries, according to a study published in the
Journal of Development Economics.
The study and the results of the data analyzed
challenges what the author calls the
unconditional optimism in favour of trade
openness among the economic profession and
policy circles.
It finds that on the basis of trade volumes, there is
a positive and significant association between
trade openness and growth.

5: CASE STUDY
NON-TARIFF BARRIERS STUMP PHARMA
EXPORTS TO CHINA: FICCI
While China has consistently complained about antidumping cases in India.
India has responded by delivering on its words and this is
no longer a bone of contention between the two nations.
It is for the Chinese now to set the ground rules right and
ensure that all non-tariff barriers are removed. At the same
time, China needs to ensure that the quality standards are
maintained in pharmaceutical products.
India has the largest number of USFDA approved plants
outside the US.
There more than 75 plants which are also WHO GMP
(Good Manufacturing Practices) certified and could easily
cater to the demand for high quality pharma products

CONCLUSION
The study makes clear that it has no intention of
establishing a simple and straightforward
positive association between trade barriers and
growth, but rather to show that there is no such
relationship between trade restrictions and
growth.
Such a relationship depends mostly on the
characteristics of a country. Restrictions can
benefit a country depending on whether it is
developed or developing (a developed one seems
to lose), whether it is a big or small country, and
whether it has comparative advantage in sectors
receiving protection.