Various categories of ways

available for transport operation

*Natural Ways
-sea, river, air, dessert & footpath are natural (self formed) and its free except for
territorial right and rules of navigation.
-Cheap & free, no maintenance cost and river were the main medium used in the
early days in some countries.
-the only came the development of road and railways
-this has catalyst the developmenet of town and cities along the river
-contribute to the development vehicele of the ways i.e boats, ships &airplane
*Natural artificially improved
-Refer to the human-made improvement on natural ways for better and ease of
movement
-removing loose rocks & obstructions, strenghtening river banks, dreging to allow
smooth movement of transport
-buit permanent artificial banks to fix the water level, increasing the depth and
flow of water
-remove the difficult bends and diverting the river from its natural course

Artificial Ways

Require enormous capital expenditure in their construction & maintenance

Railways, road & higways
Road transport is the most important in many countries due to universality
of ways
The cost of building and maintaining the road are borne by the tax payer or
private

Factor that affect the performance of the

terminals
-

Location.The major location factor of a transport of a transport terminal is

obviously to serve a largconcentration of population and/ or industrial activities,
representing a terminals market area. Specific terminals have specific
locational constraints, suach as port and aurport sites. New transport terminals
tend to be located outside central areas to avoid high land cost and congestion.
Accesibilty to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale) as well
as how the terminals is linked to the regional transport system is of importance.
For instance, a maritime terminal has little relevance if it is efficiency handling
maritime traffic but is porrly connected to its market araes through an inland
transport system (rail, raod, or barge)
Infrastructure. The main function of aterminals is to handle and transship
freight or passengers. Infrastructure considertaion are consequently important
as they must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future trends and also
technological and logistic changes. Modern terminal infrastructures
consequently require massive investment and are among the largest structures
ever built. A utilization rate of 75 to 80 % is considered to be the optimal since
above level this level, congestion starts to arise, undermining the realibilty of
the terminal facility.

Effect of pollution in term of economic

cost, social costs and environmental costs
Economic cost.
-They include a wide range of externalities like damage to property, structures and
infrastructure and loss of productivity of people and crops. Acid rains ( and
deposition), smog and ozone pollution change the temporal scale during which
investment on infrastructure can be amortized and must be replaced. For instance,
buildings that are often amortized over 20-3- years may lose from one to five years
of useful life (depending on the materials invilved) when progressively damaged in
their structured by oxidation. Historical structure (churches, monuments, etc.) which
have tendency to be located in heavy traffic central areas, are damaged by oxidation
/ demineralization and can have expensive restoration cost.

Social cost

Almost all air pollution have some physiological impacts on human being, mostly but
not limited to the cardiovascular and respiratory system. Some impacts are clear and
traightforward like carbon monoxide, while others are far more pernicious and
indirect like lead and HV/HOCs. It would be difficult, for instance, to attribute a lung
cancer to general air pollution or to other causes like smoking, futhermore extract
the transport contibution to it. Considering that the majority of the population lives in
urban araes and thus continuosly exposed to air pollution emissions, transportation
accounts for a major source of social cost.

Environmental

- They include general damage done to the ecosysytem through the

atmosphere, except for what may be considered economically useful to
human activities (like crops). Environmental cost are the most difficult, if
possible, to assess in acomprehensive manner. It could refer to biological
diversity and subtainability, which air pollution have a high proficiency to
affect

Sep 2014 (a) 4 types of pollutioncaused by road transport

activities.
Water pollution
-point sorces occurs when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of
water. E.g of point sources include sewage treatment plants, manufacturing and
agro-based industries and animal farms.
-nonpoint sources are ainly diffused sources delivers pollutants indirectly through
transport or environmental change such as agriculturalactivities and surface runoffs.
Effects of noise pollution
-efefcts to human health
1. Annoyance and aggresion
2. Hypertension
3. High stress level
4. Hearing loss
5. Sleep disturbances
. Effects to environment detrimental effect on animals by causing stress, increasing
risk of mortality by changing the delicate balance in predator/ prey detection and
avoidance, and by interfering with their use of sound in communication especially in
relation to reproduction and in navigation.

Vibration
Normal highway traffic
-ways to reduce vibration the payement shouls be smmoth
Heavy and light rail operation
- Ways to reduce vibration:
1. Maintainning wheel and rail smmothness
2. Locating special trackwork for turnout and crossovers away from
vibration sensitive araes
3. Specifying vehicles with low unsprung weight, soft primary
suspension minimum metal-to-metal contact between moving parts of
truk and wheels
4. Special track-suport system
. Air transportation
-ways to reduce vibration : not built their house near the airports

3 ways that can minimize the pollution from

road transport

Car-Pooling
The people must use car-pooling to minimize the pollution from road transport.this
is important to reduce the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, toxic air pollutant and
nitrogen dioxide. For example,we must use one car to go at working place , sharing
the car with friend at neareast for reduce the pollution from road transport.

Public Transport
The people must use the public transport, this is because this can reduce the uses
of car at road, so uses of public transport can minize the pollution from road
transport.the example of public transport that can we us are bus, monorail, lrt,
flight and etc.

Hybrid Transport
Nowadays many transport are manufactured with type of hybrid, especially
hybrid car. This is can reduce the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, toxic air
pollutants, nitrogen dioxide that can be dangerous the environment. SO, when
many uses of hybrid car, we can minimize the pollution from road transport.
Example car that uses hybrid car are Honda prius.