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INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE
Presented by :
Ummu Atyyah bt Mohamad Isa

GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE

KIDNEYS
The kidneys :
It is paired bean-shaped organ ( 300 gram)
about the size of clenched fist.
Covered by renal capsule .

Function of the kidneys:

i. Excrete wastes in urine
ii. Help regulate blood pressure
iii. Regulating electrolytes in the human blood
(e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+).

PARTS OF THE KIDNEY

1. Renal capsule
- a thin, outer membrane that helps protect the
kidney
2. Cortex
- a lightly colored outer region
3. Medulla
- a darker, reddish-brown, inner region
4. Renal pelvis
- a flat, funnel-shaped cavity that collects the
urine into the ureters
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Collect
ing
duct

Bowman
s
capsule

PARTS OF
Distal
convolute
d tubule

NEPHRO
N
Loop
of
henle

Proximal
convulut
ed
tubule

RENAL CORPUSCLE
1. Form by Glomerulus and Glomerular/ Bowmans Capsule.
2. The Renal Corpuscle consists of 3 layers .
i. the first layer - Endothelium
ii. the middle layer basement membrane
iii. the third layer visceral
3. Common components of glomerular filtrate are :

WON !
i.

Ions sodium, potassium, chloride,calcium & other ions.

ii.

Water

iii. Organic molecules glucose,amino acids

iv.
toxics
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Nitrogenous waste urea,uric acid,creatinine,drugs and

4. The result of the filtration is collected in the Glomerular Capsule

and is called

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

Made of simple cuboidal cells with the
numerous of
microvilli.
Microvilli is to increase the surface of the
reabsorption
Many substances filtered from blood such as
water,
electrolytes,glucose, amino acids and
inorganic ions
(phosphate,sulfate)
reabsorbed..

are

completely

THE LOOP OF HENLE

This loop composed of descending and ascending

limbs.

The wall of thin Loop of Henle is made of simple

squamos epithelial cells.

The Descending Loop of Nephron is a thin segment

which is highly permeable to water but not to solutes.

The wall of Ascending Loop of Nephron is made up of

cuboidal epithelial cells.

The Ascending loop of Nephron is a thick segment,

which is highly permeable to solutes such as Sodium,
Chloride and Bicarbonate but not to water.

PROCESS IN THE LOOP OF HENLE

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DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

After glomerular filtrate passes through the length of
the Loop of Nephron, it moves into Distal Convoluted
Tubule.
The wall of the early of DCT is made of cuboidal
epithelia cells, while the late of DCT is made of
specific type cuboidal cells; principal and intercalated.
The permeability of Principal cells for water and
solutes are usually regulated by hormones.
As the Adrenal Cortex releases the Aldosterone, the
permeability of Principal cells for Na+ and water are
increases, thus more K+ are secreted.
While, the Intercalated cells is responsible for the
secretion of hydrogen ions.
Some substances reabsorbed into the blood by early
of DCT are urea, electrolytes such Sodium,
Phosphate,
Chloride,
Sulfate
and
hydrogen

COLLECTING DUCT

The glomerular filtrate from the DCT of each nephron is

drain into the Collecting Duct.

Cells in the collecting duct make the final adjustments.

The Collecting Duct can be divided into Cortical and

Medulla Collecting Ducts.

The Cortical Collecting duct is made of principal and

intercalated cells.

In the presence of ADH, permeability of principal cells

increases, allowing more water to be reabsorbed.

In the presence of Aldosterone, the principal cells will

reabsorbs Na+ and actively secretes excess K+ and H+.

While, in the absence of Aldosterone, the intercalated

cells will reabsorbs K+.

The Medulla Collecting duct wall is made of principal

cells, this section also reabsorbs or secretes water and
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urea by a hormone control.

HORMONES
1.Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
. This hormone responsible in regulating the
water content of the blood (to control the
blood osmolarity). When the changes
occurring in the blood volume and blood
pressure, they will be detected by the
Osmoreceptors.
. Secreted by the posterior Pituitary Gland.
. The primary target cell of ADH is the
collecting duct cell.
2.Aldosterone
. This hormone responsible in regulating the
Sodium, Chloride, Potassium ions and water.
. Secreted by the Adrenal Cortex.

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THANK YOU

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