Do You Know
,
Graph vs Tree
BFS
O(n)
Implication
Today
What is AI?
Brief History of AI
What is this course?
An Attempted Definition
AI the branch of computer science that is concerned
with the automation of intelligent behavior
Problem
What is Intelligence?
Copernicus 1543
Split between human mind and its surroundings
Descrates (1680)
Thought and mind
Separate mind from physical world
Mental process formalized by mathematics
Modern History
Formal logic
Leibniz
Boole
Turing
Frege first-order predicate calculus
Graph theory
Euler
Models of Intelligence
Logic Models
Formal logic
Fuzzy logic
Non-monotonic logic
What is AI?
The science of making machines that:
Think like humans
Think rationally
Act rationally
Brains ~ Computers
1000 operations/sec
100,000,000,000
units
stochastic
fault tolerant
evolves, learns
1,000,000,000
ops/sec
1-100 processors
deterministic
crashes
designed,
programmed
What is AI?
The science of making machines that:
Think like humans
Think rationally
Act rationally
Thinking Rationally?
The Laws of Thought approach
What does it mean to think rationally?
Logicist tradition:
Logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts
Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes?
Direct line through mathematics, philosophy, to modern AI
Problems:
Representing informal knowledge in the formal terms required by logical
notations
Being able to solve a problem in principle and doing so in practice
Acting Rationally
Rational behavior: doing the right thing
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking, e.g., blinking
Thinking can be in the service of rational action
Entirely dependent on goals!
Irrational insane, irrationality is sub-optimal action
Rational successful
Artificial Intelligence
Today
What can AI do?
Representation
Search
Game Playing
Automated Reasoning and Theorem Proving
Expert Systems
Natural Language Understanding and Semantic
Modelling
Modelling Human Performance
Planning and Robotics
Languages and Environments for AI
Machine Learning
Alternative Representation: Neural Nets
AI and Philosophy
Today
What can AI do?
Representation
Search
Representation Systems
What is it?
Capture the essential features of a problem domain
and make that information accessible to a problemsolving procedure
Measures
Abstraction how to manage complexity
Expressiveness what can be represented
Efficiency how is it used to solve problems
Representation of
Different representations of the real number .
Image Representation
Array representation 2D
Image representation -- Digitized image of chromosomes in metaphase.
General rule
Bluebird Representations
Logical predicates representing a
simple description of a bluebird.
Semantic network description of a
bluebird.
Today
What can AI do?
Representation
Search
Best-first search
heuristics