Gregor Johann Mendel (18221884)

Hugo de Vries inCarl Correns in

Eric von Tschermak-Seysenegg
William Bateson
Holland
Germany
in Austria

MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE

PRINCIPLES

MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE

PRINCIPLES
OF DOMINANCE AND
SEGREGATION

Mendel inferred that the hybrids carried a

latent genetic factor that was masked by
the expression of another factor
recessive = latent factor
dominant = expressed factor
The factors are separate from each other
during reproduction thus the reappearance
of the latent factor on the next generation

MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE

PRINCIPLES
OF DOMINANCE AND
SEGREGATION

Monohybrid cross = when single

trait is being studied
Genes = the heritable factor that
existed in 2 forms (dominant or
recessive) that controls each trait
(Wilhelm Johanssen, 1909)
Allele = alternate forms of a gene; the
dominant or recessive forms

MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE

PRINCIPLES
OF DOMINANCE AND
SEGREGATION

Genes come in pairs

Diploid & Homozygous = when each of the

parental strains carries two identical copies of a gene

However during production of gametes, two

copies are reduced to one (haploid)
He recognized that diploid gene would be
restored during fertilization, and hybrid would
inherit 2 different alleles (1 from mother, 1
from father)
Heterozygous = inheriting 2 different alleles

MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE

PRINCIPLES
OF DOMINANCE AND
SEGREGATION

Mendel realized that the different

alleles that are present in a
heterozygote must coexist even
though one is dominant and the
other recessive, and that each of
these alleles would have an equal
chance of entering a gamete when
the heterozygote reproduces.

MONOHYBRID CROSSES: THE

PRINCIPLES
OF DOMINANCE AND
SEGREGATION

Phenotype = allelic constitution of

each strain
Genotype = physical appearance of
each strain
Allele segregation = neither allele is
changed when coexisting as
heterozygous, rather they are separate

Summary of Mendels Analysis

The Principle of Dominance: In a
heterozygote, one allele may conceal
the presence of another.
The Principle of Segregation: In a
heterozygote, two different alleles
segregate from each other during the
formation of gametes.

DIHYBRID CROSSES: THE PRINCIPLE

OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Crossing plants that differed in two traits

DIHYBRID CROSSES: THE PRINCIPLE

OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

This analysis is predicated on two

assumptions:
(1)that each gene segregates its
alleles
(2) That these segregations are
independent of each other.

Summary of Mendels
Analysis
The Principle of Independent
Assortment: The alleles of different
genes segregate, or as we
sometimes say, assort,
independently of each other.

Fork Line Method

Punnett Square or the
Probability Method

1. Two highly inbred strains of fish, one with

black caudal fin and the other with gray
caudal fin, were crossed, and all of the
offspring had black caudal fin. Predict the
outcome of intercrossing the offspring.
2. A crab heterozygous for three
independently assorting genes, Aa Bb Cc, is
self-fertilized. Among the offspring, predict
the frequency of (a) AA BB CC individuals,
(b) aa bb cc individuals, (c) individuals that
are either AA BB CC or aa bb cc, (d) Aa Bb
Cc individuals, (e) individuals that are not
heterozygous for all three genes.

3. Two true-breeding strains of peas, one with

tall vines and violet flowers and the other with
dwarf vines and white flowers, were crossed.
All the F1 plants were tall and produced violet
flowers. When these plants were backcrossed
to the dwarf, white parent strain, the following
offspring were obtained: 53 tall, violet; 48 tall,
white; 47 dwarf, violet; 52 dwarf, white. Do
the genes that control vine length and flower
color assort independently?