Biofuel and biodiesel

Biofuel transformation
processes
First generation

Second
generation

Introduction: What is
Biodiesel?
A diesel fuel
replacement produced
from vegetable oils or
animal fats through the
chemical process of
transesterification
Mono-alkyl esters

Biodiesel can be used in

any diesel motor in any
percent from 0-100%
with little or no
modifications to the
engine

The Chemistry of Biodiesel

All fats and oils consist of triglycerides
Glycerol/glycerine = alcohol
3 fatty acid chains (FA)

Transesterification describes the reaction

where glycerol is replaced with a lighter
and less viscous alcohol
e.g. Methanol or ethanol

A catalyst (KOH or NaOH) is needed to

break the glycerol-FA bonds

Transesterification
(the biodiesel reaction)
Methanol
(orEthanol)

Triglyceride

Biodiesel

Glycerol

FattyAcidChain

Onetriglyceridemoleculeisconvertedinto
threemonoalkylester(biodiesel)molecules

Advantages of Biodiesel

Biodegradable
Non-toxic
Favorable Emissions Profile
Renewable
Carbon Neutrality

Advantages of Biodiesel
Requires no engine modifications (except
replacing some fuel lines on older
engines).
Can be blended in any proportion with
petroleum diesel fuel.
High cetane number and excellent
lubricity.
Very high flashpoint (>300F)
Can be made from waste restaurant oils
and animal fats

Two types of energy sources

Non-renewable
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Renewable
Solar energy
Hydro power
Biofuel
Biomass
Tidal energy
Wind energy
Geothermal
Nuclear energy

Biofuel
A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological
carbon fixation.
In other words, fuel which produced from renewable biological
resources such as plant biomass and treated municipal and
industrial waste.
11.WHY BIOFUELS?
To reduce our dependence on fossil fuels
To reduce reliance on foreign oil
To lower emissions of greenhouse gases
To bring business to rural economics
ADVANTAGES OF BIOFUELS
1.There is no emission of hazardous gases
2.Locally available in every region of the world.
3.Friendly with the environment, so they do not cause global warming
4.The energy release per unit mass of biofuel is greater than the
energy released from the unit mass of fossil fuels.

TWO METHODS TO FORM BIOFUEL

A) SUGAR CROPS AND STARCH ARE GROWN
AND THROUGH PROCESSOF FERMENTATION,
ETHANOL IS PRODUCED.
B) PLANTS ARE GROWN NATURALLY TO
PRODUCE OIL LIKE ALGAE. OILS ARE HEATED TO REDUCE VISCOSITY, THEN
DIRECTLY USE AS FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES

Types of biofuel
16.THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE
CATEGORIES
First generation biofuel
Made from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil.
Second generation biofuel
Made from non-edible plant materials.
Third generation biofuel
Made from algae and microbes.

 ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL Biodiesel can be

termed clean fuel as it does not contain carcinogens
and its sulphur content is also lesser than the
mineral diesel. It possesses high biodegradability
and lubricating property Improves engine
efficiency and operating life cycle. Domestic
resource, Readily mixes with petroleum diesel fuel
in any ratio Higher flash point makes it safer in
transport and storage; Greatly reduces particulate
matter and carbon monoxide emissions.
26.DISADVANTAGES OF BIODIESELHigher
production cost.Biodiesel is more likely than
petroleum dieselto attract moisture.Poor low
temperature properties.