Gene mapping
Eg, cystic fibrosis
Cancer cytogenetics
Eg, retinoblastoma
Prenatal diagnosis
Eg, Down syndrome
Karyotype:apictureofallthechromosomesarrangedbytype:
Karyotypealsoreferstothestandardchromosomesetofanindividualoraspecies.
METACENTRIC
Short
Arm
(p)
SUBMETACENTRIC
ACROCENTRIC
p
Stalk
q
Satellite
Centromere
p
Long
Arm
(q)
3
21
Stalk
17
21
Size:
chromosome 1 is largest, chromosome 22 smallest
Centromere position:
metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric
all chromosomes have a shorter arm, p, and a longer arm, q.
G-banding:
pattern subdivides
each chromosome
arm into regions.
Karyotypesaremadefrommetaphasechromosomes:
1.
Cells (from blood, amniotic fluid, or chorionic villus) are grown in culture.
Mitogens may be required: lymphocytes require phytohemagglutinin
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ideogram of G-banding
pattern at 450-band
stage:
High-resolution bandings of 550-850 bands can
be made from prometaphase chromosomes.
Introduction of molecular
cytogenetics:
DNA in chromosome spreads is denatured and
hybridized to probes:
FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization
Probes for specific genes or chromosomal regions
Rearrangements, deletions, abnormal chromosome number
Chromosome painting
Mixture of fluorescently-labeled probes for single-copy genes that
map along the entire length allow entire chromosomes to be
visualized
Anueploidies, translocations
Pinkel D, Straume T, Gray JW. Cytogenetic analysis using quantitative, high-sensitivity, fluorescence
hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986;83:2934-2938.
A,Partialmetaphaseshowingamicrodeletionoftheelastingene(ELN)(arrow)associatedwithWilliams
syndrome.
B,Interphasecellshowsamicroduplicationoftheperipheralmyelinprotein22gene(PMP22)(arrows)
associatedwithCharcotMarieToothsyndrome.
NormalkaryotypeCancercellkaryotype
note:translocations,polysomy,monosomy
Skin cells
Fibroblast cultures grow without mitogens
Cultures are long-lived, can be immortalized
Tumor cells
Obtained from biopsy
Amniocytes
From amniocentesis
Amniotic fluid is available after ~16 weeks
Amniotic fluid is waste containing cells shed from skin, respiratory tract, urinary tract.
Amniotic fluid can be biochemically tested for metabolic disorders
Placental cells
Obtained by chorionic villus sampling
Placental cells are dividing, and karyotypes can be obtained within hours
Prenatal testing:
Amniocentesis:Chorionicvillussampling:
Chorionic
villi
Developing
placenta
Ultrasound to monitor
procedure
Bladder
Developing fetus
Uterus
Chorion
Amniotic
cavity
Rectum
Catheter