WCDMA

Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System
(UMTS)
Prof.G.Markarian
Department of Communication Systems

Lancaster University, UK
Overview
New promised services

UMTS: A historical overview
Basic concepts
Cell and network structure
Radio interface
Power control and handover
Other 3G systems

UMTS coverage vs. bit rate

UMTS
Vehicle
Outdo
ors
Broadband Radio
Walk
Fixed
Indoor
s
GSM
0.5

2.0
155Mb/s
UMTS services
Videoconference
Video streaming
Video on demand

UMTS services
Interactive Map
Localization Service
Navigation System

3G Mobile Systems
New exciting services: live music,
interactive Megabit web sessions, video
conference, digital TV
CDMA2000 (upgrade on IS-95B)
WCDMA (upgrade on GSM)
TD-SCDMA (in China upgrade on GSM)
UMTS
The overall project of ETSI relating to 3rd
Generation mobile systems is known as the
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) while the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network is called UTRAN.
It was submitted to IMT-2000 body in 1998.
It ensures compatibility with 2G GSM, IS-95,
PDC TDMA technologies, as well as 2.5G.
UMTS
UMTS has been developed mainly in
countries with GSM networks infrastructure.
Disadvantage: new frequency band required.
Advantage: Plenty of new capacity, hence
possibilities for new exciting services.

Historical Overview
Early 1990 start of research (with ETSI funded
projects RACE1/2, CODIT, ATDMA)
Feb 1992: 1885-2025MHz and 2110-2200MHz
allocated for future UMTS use
Dec. 1996, Zurich: establishment of UMTS form
Jan. 1998, Paris: WCDMA with FDD- and TDDCDMA selected for UMTS operation

Historical Overview
Dec. 1998: 3GPP formed in Copenhagen
April 1999: NTT DoCoMo first supplier of
WCDMA equipment for Japan
Jan 2001; DoCoMo launched a trial 3G service (imode). Three phone models commercially available
Feb. 2005: Ericsson demonstrates 9 Mbps
communication with WCDMA and HSDPA.

UMTS
EUROPE:
IMT-2000 band: WCDMA
GSM 1800 band:EDGE
AMERICAS
EDGE,WCDMA and
multi-carrier CDMA
in existing bands
currently used by 2G
systems

JAPAN:
KOREA:
ASIA:
GSM 1800 band:EDGE
FOMA: Freedom of Mobile

Multimedia Access
First commercial 3G network
Launched by NTT DoCoMo in Oct 2001
Based on an earlier version (Release99) of the
UMTS.
2GHz frequency band, WCDMA with 64 kbps
(uplink) and 384 kbps (downlink). Uplink 64kbps
circuit intended for real-time services (e.g., video
conference).
Available services: Internet access, e-mail, file
transfers, faxing, telephony, video conference.
UMTS: Cell Structure

Different coverage to different users. There
are four different cell structures:
1. picocell (e.g., one office room)
2. microcell (e.g., several buildings)
3. macrocell (e.g., few kilometers)
4. global cell (covered by a satellite)
UMTS: Network Structure

A basic network structure consists of three
fundamental components:
1. Radio access network (RAN) provides access
between UMTS and a mobile user via BS
2. Core network (CN) or fixed network
responsible for handling all internal connections
3. Intelligent network (IN) in charge of billing,
location registration, roaming, handover
UMTS: Technology Behind

Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) with direct
sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS)
5MHz radio channels
WCDMA simulators are 10 times more
compute-intensive than 2G simulators,
hence increased cost.

UMTS: Radio Interface

UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) is
with two operating modes: FDD & TDD
UTRA FDD is suitable for suburban areas
with rates up to 384 kbps.
UTRA TDD works in households suitable
for speech/video broadcast with up to
2Mbps rate.
UTRA-FDD
Occupied frequency band: 1920-1980 MHz
(uplink) and 2110-2170 MHz (downlink)
190MHz span between downlink and uplink
Complex performance control needed
Minimum frequency band is 2x5MHz.

UTRA-TDD
Same carrier frequencies are used for
uplink and downlink.
Channel separation is implemented by using
different spreading codes and time slots
Cellwise synchronization is required, hence
suitable for small cells (indoor).

UTRA: Specifications
Maximum number of voice channels per 2x5MHz: 250 (FDD) and
120 (TDD)
Voice codec: AMR codec
Channel coding: convolutional and turbo codes
Rake receiver is used
Modulation: QPSK
Data type: packet and circuit-switched data
Chip rates: 7.68 (FDD) and 3.84 (TDD) Mcps
Frame length: 10 msec with 15 slots per frame
5MHz channels with channel raster of 200kHz
Handover: Soft and hard
WCDMA
WCDMA system deployment has reached
the level where first operators in Europe
have launched the networks for commercial
operation and more operators set to follow.
Currently, the main focus shifts from
controlling the radio resources to quality
management and service/quality
differentiation.
WCDMA
Following the first WCDMA version,
Release'99, being deployed, the next step in
WCDMA standardisation evolution has been
completed for improved system performance.
The most significant feature completed is the
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
services, which should offer speeds up to 810Mbps.

WCDMA RAN Architecture

The use of WCDMA radio access
technology has shaped the radio access
network (RAN) architecture.
Smooth system operation and deployment
requires that there are no network locations
where soft handover is not possible between
the cells operating on the same frequency as
done with CDMA technology.

Without the link existing to all base stations,
power control cannot operate correctly and the
near-far problem would be introduced in the
uplink.
The following figure shows the basic
WCDMA radio access network architecture
indicating the connections for both circuitswitched and packet-switched traffic.

3G MSC
RNC
Iub
Iu-CS
Iur
3G SGSN
Node B
Iu-PS
RNC
MS
Iub
Node B
Radio Network Controller

Responsible for cell control;
equivalent to BS

GGSN
WCDMA RAN Interface

The interface between the base station
(denoted as Node B in 3GPP terminology)
and the Radio Network Controller (RNC) is
called Iub.
The interface between two RNCs is denoted
as Iur.


The open and standardized Iur interface is
already being deployed and tested in the
multi-vendor network by many operators
and vendors, thus ensuring the soft
handover functionality in multi-vendor
environment as well.


The Mobile Switching Center (3G MSC)
has basically the same functionality as with
GSM networks to switch the Circuit
Switched (CS) transactions.
The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
performs the similar functions to Packet
Switched (PS) services.
WCDMA Logical, Transport and

Physical Channels
The channel structure for WCDMA consists
of logical, transport, and physical channels.
This structure is related to the UMTS
protocol architecture defined in 3GPP, TSG
RAN 25.301.

UTRA FDD Protocol Architecture

Radio resource control
Control Plane
User Plane
L3
Data convergence protocol
Control
Control
Control
Control
Control
RRC
PDCP
BMC
L2/PDCP
L2/BMC
Radio link control

RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
L2/RLC
RLC
Logical Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport Channels
Physical Layer

L1
Key WCDMA Physical Parameters

Physical layer parameter
Alternatives
Chip rate
3.84 Mc s
Carrier spacing (nominal)
5 MHz
Carrier raster
200 kHz
Modulation uplink/downlink
Dual-channel QPSK/ QPSK
Channel coding
Convolutional or Turbo coding
Frame length
10 ms
Interleaving length
10, 20, 40 or 80 ms
Spreading factors
uplink/downlink
Power control command rate
4-256/4-512
1500 Hz
User data rate with 1/2

0-2.8 Mbps (terminal capability)
rate coding
Spreading Codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
(OVSF) codes are used.
Number of available OVSF codes is exactly
equal to the spreading factor.
They can be completely orthogonal if they
operate in exactly synchronized channels.

Spreading
You can calculate the bit rate for a channel
as:
Bit rate = chip rate /spreading factor
The following table shows the spreading
factors used for different bit rates.

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
c = (1,1,1,1)
4,1
c2,1 = (1,1)
c4,2 = (1,1,-1,-1)
c2,2 = (1,-1)
c4,3 = (1,-1,1,-1)
c4,4 = (1,-1,-1,1)

Spreading
User Bit Rate
(kbps)
Spreading Factor Chip Rate (Mcps)
30
128
3.84
60
64
3.84
120
32
3.84
240
16
3.84
480
3.84
960
3.84
1920
3.84

Downlink Modulation: QPSK

Q
1.5
Spreading Sequence
I
DPDCH/DPCCH
SP
0.5
Cch
Q
I
-1.5
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1.5

1.5
Cells
A cellular network is required to ensure the
3G can provide a high capacity network.
As with any cellular system, the total
capacity of the network is dependent on the
size of the cells used.
The smaller the cells are made, the larger
the total capacity.
Cells
However, the cell size is limited by the
amount of infrastructure that can be set-up.
The cell size also determines the maximum
channel capacity for each cell, as
propagation effects such as multipath and
fading force large cells to have a lower data
rate.
Cells
Large cells also have to service a large
number of users, and since the cell capacity
is approximately fixed, each user can only
have a reduced data rate with respect to a
smaller cell.
In order to optimize the cellular network
four cell types are used.
Cell Types
These are the picocell, microcell, macrocell,
and global cell.
These cell types trade off cell size with total
capacity and services.
The following table shows the three cell
types used in the 3G system and some of
the cell characteristics.
Cells
Pico-cell
Micro-cell
Macro-cell
Cell radius
<100m
<1000m
<20km
Antenna
Ceiling/wall
mounted
Below roof top height
Roof top mounting
Max. multipath delay

spread
1usec
5usec
20usec
Applications and
environments
Indoor/Outdoor
Within buildings
City centres
Local high bit rate
High density outdoor

Business (indoor)
Fixed (Outdoor)
Inner city areas
Low density areas

Suburban areas
Urban areas
Fixed (outdoor)
Services and data

rate supported
All services (up to

2Mbps)
Up to 384kbps
Limited sub-set
(up to 144kpbs)

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management (RRM)
consists of all functionalities that are
handling the air interface resources of a
radio access network.
These functions together are responsible for
supplying optimum coverage, offering the
maximum planned capacity, guaranteeing
the required QoS, and ensuring efficient use
of physical and transport resources.
Radio Resource Management

RRM consists of power control (PC), handover
control (HC), congestion control (CC).
CC is typically subdivided into admission control
(AC), load control (LC), and packet data
scheduling and the resource manager (RM).
The actual RRM algorithms are not standardized
and are subject to individual interpretation.

Near-far problem
Bla,
Bla
Bl
a,
Bl
a

MSs closer to BS
may create too much
interference.
Requirements: fast
power control in MS
Target: all MSs are
received at the BS
with the same power
Near-far
problem
The uplink issue
D1
D2
D1> D2

RRM: Power Control

Prevent near-far effect
Maintain the link quality in uplink and in
downlink by controlling the transmission powers
Minimize effects of fast and slow fading
Minimize interference in network and hence
maximizes the number of connections that can be
served with the required Quality of (QoS)
A secondary advantage is, that the battery
consumption of the MS is minimised.
RRM: Power Control

For the WCDMA standard, the power
control is applied in both uplink and in
downlink.
When the MS initiates a call, it adjusts its
transmission power based on the received
pilot signal power.

RRM: Power Control

The pilot signal is a cell specific signal
broadcast in every cell with constant power.
It provides a rough measure of the
propagation loss between the MS and the
BS.
The stronger the received pilot signal power
is, the less transmission power is needed.
RRM: Power Control

This type of initial power adjustment is
arranged by open-loop power control.
The process has to be supported by a priori
information which mobile receives.
To set up a connection also other control
channels are required to be used.

RRM: Power Control

The variations in the multipath channel may
cause that a fixed target SIR value cannot
always guarantee a satisfactory bit error
rate.
Therefore the target must be controlled
based on the achieved bit error rate or frame
error rate.
RRM: Power Control

If the error rate is too high, the target is
increased until the desired error rate is met.
Increasing the target for the uplink causes
the open-loop power control to lift the
transmit power of MS until the new target is
reached.
The controlling of the SIR target is named
outer-loop power control.
RRM: Power Control

Outer-loop power control can:
1). Compensate changes in the environment;
2). Adjust the SIR target to achieve the
required bit error rate;
3). Depends on MS mobility and multipath
diversity.
RRM: Power Control

The wideband signal in uplink and downlink is
often subject to fast fading.
Thus, an additional mechanism called closed-loop
(inner-loop) power control is needed.
In closed-loop power control, the transmitted
power of the MS is adjusted based on the received
power measurement at the BS.

RRM: Power Control

BS compares the received energy per bit to
interference energy ratio Eb/Io to a target
value and commands the MS to increase or
decrease its power accordingly.
The same process is performed in the
downlink direction.

Closed Loop Power Control

RX
(C/I)>(C/I)th
RX
TX
DPCCH
RX
YES
Decrease by PTxc
NO
Increase by PTxc
TX

RRM: Power Control

Hence, closed-loop power control mitigates
fast fading, functions in both downlink and
uplink direction, and works based on a
fixed quality target set in mobile station or
base station (for downlink and uplink,
respectively).

RRM: Handover Control

Handover (HO) control is a cell reselection
process, when an MS moves away from the
cell under the control of one BS to another.


The Handover Control of WCDMA
supports different types of handovers and
handover procedures.
The HO can be divided into the following
handover types:


Intra-system HO is occurring within a
WCDMA system. It can be further
subdivided into Intra-frequency HO,
between cells belonging to the same
WCDMA carrier, and Inter-frequency HO,
between cells operated on different
WCDMA carriers.

Inter-system HO is taking place between
cells belonging to two different radio access
technologies (RAT) or different radio access
modes, like FDD-WCDMA to TDDWCDMA. The most frequent case for the
first type is expected between WCDMA and
GSM/EDGE systems.

The following HO procedures can be
identified:
Hard handover (HHO), a category of HO
procedures, where all old radio links an MS
is using are released before the new radio
links are established. For real-time bearers
it means a short disconnection of the bearer,
for nonreal-time bearers HHO is lossless.

Soft Handover (SHO) is a category of HO
procedures where an MS always keeps at
least one radio link to the UTRAN. During
SHO an MS is simultaneously controlled by
two or more cells belonging to different BSs
of the same RNC (intra-RNC SHO) or
different RNCs (inter-RNC SHO).
Soft-Handover
simultaneous radio
link between MS and
different BTSs

Soft-Handover
Advantages
SHO gain at cell border
Macrodiversity
Reduced Tx power (!)
Disadvantages
Code waste

Macrodiversity - active set

Cell A
Ec/N
o
Cell B
Sign
al
Time margin
ADD threshold
marg
in
DROP
threshold
Cell C
Soft handover
region
Time
RRM: Soft Handover Control

SHO is a general feature in systems like
WCDMA, where neighboring cells are
operated on the same frequency.
When in connected mode, the MS
continuously measures serving and
neighboring cells (cells indicated by the
RNC) on the current carrier frequency.

The MS compares the measurement results
with HO thresholds provided by the RNC,
and sends a measurement report back to the
RNC when the reporting criteria are
fulfilled.
SHO therefore is a mobile evaluated
handover.

The decision algorithm of SHO is located in
the RNC.
Based on the measurement report received
from the mobile, the RNC orders the MS to
add or remove cells from its active set.
SHO is possible only on the same carrier.

RRM: Hard Handover Control

Inter-frequency HO (IF-HO) is a hard
handover between different WCDMA
carriers required to ensure HO path from
one cell to another cell in situations when
different carriers have been allocated to the
cells in question.


HHO means that IF-HO causes temporary
disconnection of the radio access bearer and
is lossless for nonreal-time bearers.
IF-HO also enables HOs between separate
layers of a multi-layered cellular network,
for example, a network consisting of
macrocell and microcell, where the cell
layers are using different carriers.
Micro cells
Macro cell

The HC of the RAN should support
following types of IF-HO:
Intra-BTS hard handover (to control load
between carriers)
Intra-RNC hard handover
Inter-RNC hard handover

Inter-system handover (IS-HO) is a
handover between (FDD-) WCDMA and a
neighbouring system using a different radio
access technique (RAT) or also within
WCDMA if the other system uses a
different radio access method, i.e., TDDWCDMA

IS-HO is required to complement the coverage
areas of WCDMA and a neighbouring system,
when the coverage area of WCDMA is limited.
When the coverage areas of WCDMA and the
neighbouring system overlap an IS-HO can
also be used to control the load between the
systems.


For example, speech connections can be
handed over to a neighbouring 2G system
and data connections can be handled within
the WCDMA system.
IS-HO is a hard handover, that is, an IS-HO
causes temporary disconnection of the radio
access bearer.
QoS Inter-working
3GPP specification work
provides smooth interworking with the
GSM/EDGE networks
including common core
network, multimode
terminals, inter-system
handovers and harmonized
QoS parameters.

Congestion Control
In WCDMA it is important to keep the air
interface load under predefined thresholds
in order to meet the QoS targets.
Three different functionalities are part of
the congestion control:
Admission control (AC) handling all new
incoming traffic. It is checking, whether a
new packet can be admitted to the system.
Congestion Control
Packet scheduling which is handling all the
nonreal-time traffic. Basically, a packet
scheduler is determining the time a packet
transmission is initiated and which bit rate is
used.
Load control, taking care of the situation that
system load has exceeded the threshold(s) and
corresponding counter measures.
QoS Mechanisms
In the context of UMTS networks, Quality of
Service (QoS) refers to the collective effect of
service performances that determine the degree of
satisfaction of the end-user of the service.
The QoS architecture consists of all the UMTS
network functions that participate in providing the
end-user the appropriate service quality.

QoS Mechanisms
The UMTS bearer services are categorized
into four traffic classes as shown in
following table.
The main distinguishing factor between
these classes is the delay sensitiveness of
the expected traffic.

QoS Mechanisms
TRAFFIC
CLASS
CONVERSATIONAL STREAMING
CLASS (RT)
CLASS (RT)
Characteristics Low delay

Preserves time relation
between packets
Preserves time
relation between
packets
Typical
Applications
Streaming media
Voice, highly intensive

games

QoS Mechanisms
TRAFFIC
CLASS
INTERACTIVE
CLASS
BACKGROUND
CLASS
Characteristics Request response

pattern
Preserves data
integrity
Best effort
Non-time critical data
Preserves data
integrity
Typical
Applications
Background
synchronisation,
downloads,etc
Web browsing

WCDMA RAN Evolution

Release 5 UMTS specifications contain
downlink packet data operation
enhancement, high-speed downlink packet
access (HSDPA) which utilizes Hybrid
ARQ, higher order modulation and Node B
(BS) scheduling for improving downlink
data spectral efficiency and for pushing bit
rates beyond 10 Mbps.
WCDMA RAN Evolution

WCDMA evolution for Release 6 and
further releases is continuing with the
following key areas being worked in 3GPP
standardisation:

WCDMA RAN Evolution

Enhanced uplink dedicated channel
Support for Multimedia Broadcast and
Multicast Service (MBMS)
Distributed architecture option that could
enable more efficient use of IP technology

3G Systems: Comparison
Parameters
CDMA2000
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
Multiple Access
DS-CDMA
DS-CDMA
TDMA/DS-CDMA
Channel coding
Convolutional or
turbo codes
Convolutional, or
turbo
Convolutional, or
turbo
Spreading codes
Walsh
OVSF
OVSF
Modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK/8PSK
Bandwidth
1.25*2/3.75*2 MHz
5*2MHz
1.6 MHz
Chip rate
1.2288/3.68Mcps
3.84 Mcps
1.28 Mcps
Frame length
20ms, 5ms
10 ms
10 ms
Maximum data
rate
2.4 Mbps
2 Mbps
2 Mbps

Summary
UMTS is still in developing phase
Some features have been implemented, some are
still to come.
Is market there?
Further study: cdma2000
Further study: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)


WCDMA

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Universal Mobile

Department of Communication Systems

New promised services

Department of Communication Systems

UMTS coverage vs. bit rate

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

FOMA: Freedom of Mobile

UMTS: Cell Structure

UMTS: Network Structure

UMTS: Technology Behind

Department of Communication Systems

UMTS: Radio Interface

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

WCDMA RAN Architecture

WCDMA RAN Architecture

WCDMA RAN Architecture

Radio Network Controller

Department of Communication Systems

WCDMA RAN Interface

Department of Communication Systems

WCDMA RAN Architecture

Department of Communication Systems

WCDMA RAN Architecture

WCDMA Logical, Transport and

Department of Communication Systems

UTRA FDD Protocol Architecture

Data convergence protocol

Radio link control

Department of Communication Systems

Key WCDMA Physical Parameters

Carrier spacing (nominal)

Dual-channel QPSK/ QPSK

Convolutional or Turbo coding

User data rate with 1/2

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

Department of Communication Systems

Spreading Factor Chip Rate (Mcps)

Department of Communication Systems

Downlink Modulation: QPSK

Department of Communication Systems

Below roof top height

Roof top mounting

Max. multipath delay

High density outdoor

Low density areas

Services and data

All services (up to

Department of Communication Systems

Radio Resource Management

Radio Resource Management

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

Department of Communication Systems

RRM: Power Control

RRM: Power Control