Oil & Gas Processing Plants

Design and Operation

Training Course

DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP - 7/18 October 2002

GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES

DGEP/SCR/ED/ECP - 7/18 October 2002

GAS SWEETENING

SALES GAS SPECIFICATION

- To meet the H2S content Specification
H2S Content < 4 ppm Vol.
- To increase THE GROSS CALORIFIC VALUE
CO2 Removal

PROCESS CONSTRAINTS
- CRYOGENIC PROCESSES (Ethane extraction, LNG Manufacture) CO2
Solidification at temperatures below - 70/80C

CRUDE SWEETENING USING STRIPPING GAS

- To remove H2S From the Stripping Gas

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GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES

PROCESSES DEPENDING ON CONTAMINANTS TO BE REMOVED :

CO2 ONLY
H2S ONLY
CO2 & H2S SIMULTANEOUSLY
SELECTIVE REMOVAL OF H2S

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GAS SWEETENING PROCESSES

CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
PHYSICO- CHEMICAL ABSORPTION
PHYSICAL ADSORPTION
CRYOGENIC PROCESS (CO2 Removal only)
MEMBRANES
Direct Conversion To SULPHUR

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 CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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DEA PROCESS

ADVANTAGES :
-

No degradation by COS & CS2

Absorption of mercaptans
Good stability
low absorption of HC
No reclaimer
reduced vaporization losses
public

DISADVANTAGES :
-

Higher circulation rate (lower activity)

Higher utility requirements
Oxydation
No selectivity between H2S & CO2

UTILIZATION : H2S, CO2, COS, CS2, RSH (up to 20%)

SPLIT FLOW

SNEA-DEA : higher concentration

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MDEA PROCESS

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MDEA PROCESS

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

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HOT CARBONATE PROCESS

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HOT CARBONATE PROCESS

ADVANTAGES :
-

DISADVANTAGES :
-

No degradation by COS & CS2

Good chemical stability
No reaction with air
low absorption of HC
No reclaimer
Low heat requirement (50% of corresponding amine unit)
Low reactivity with H2S
No mercaptans absorption
higher water content of treated gas
licensing fee

UTILIZATION : HIGH CO2

-

if H2S in two steps :

K2CO3 + mol. Sieves
K2CO3 + AMINE

SPLIT FLOW : solution cooling / two stages process / LO HEAT

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HOT CARBONATE PROCESS

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HOT CARBONATE PROCESS

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 PHYSICAL ABSORPTION

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PHYSICAL ABSORPTION

WATER WASH : partial treatment

SELEXOL PROCESS : NORTON (dimethyl ether of polyethylene glycol)
-

FLUOR SOLVENT : propylene carbonate

-

up to 65% of CO2
light gas sweetening
regeneration by flash

up to 50% of CO2
Gas dehydration by as solvent and heat regeneration

PURISOL : LURGI
- Selective process to remove H2S even in case of low H2S/CO2 ratio
- Gas dehydration by add solvent and heat regeneration

RECTISOL : LURGI
-

ESTASOLVAN : UHDE
-

Refrigerated solution of MeOH (high selectivity for CO2)

Recompression of flashed gas

SEPASOLV-MPE : BASF

- Recoompression of flashed gas

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SELEXOL PROCESS

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MORPHYSORB PROCESS

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PHYSICAL ABSORPTION

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AMINE PROCESS GUIDELINE

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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROCESS

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SULFINOL PROCESS

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 CHEMICO-PHYSICAL ABSORPTION

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SULIFINOL (SHELL)

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SULFINOL (SHELL)

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HYBRISOL PROCESS

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HYBRISOL PROCESS

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 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION

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PHYSICAL ADSORPTION

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PHYSICAL ADSORPTION

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 CRYOGENIC PROCESS

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CRYOGENIC PROCESS

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CO2 REMOVAL BY CRYOGENICS

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SPREX

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 PERMEATION (Membranes)

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MEMBRANE PROCESS

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY
For bulk removal of CO2

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MEMBRANE PROCESS

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FIBER MEMBRANE

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FIBER MEMBRANE

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FIBER MEMBRANE

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TYPICAL ONE STAGE MEMBRANE PFD

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MEMBRANE PROCESS

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MEMBRANE PROCESS

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MEMBRANE PROCESS

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MEMBRANE PROCESS

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PROCESS COMPARISON

DIRECT CONVERSION
TO SULPHUR

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PROCESS COMPARISON

ABSORPTION :
H2S + 2 Fe3+(L) -------> 2 H+ + S + 2 Fe2+(L)
REGENERATION :
1/2 O2 + H2O + 2 Fe2+(L) ------> 2 OH- + 2 Fe3+(L)
OVERALL :
H2S + 1/2 O2 -------> H2O + S

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SULFINT (IFP)

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DIRECT CONVERSION TO SULPHUR

FIELD OF APPLICATION
LOW FLOWRATE
LOW PRESSURE (EXCEPT SULFINT FROM IFP)
LOW H2S CONTENT ( < 1000 ppm )

LICENSORS
US FILTER ( LO-CAT)
IFP with Le Gaz Intgral (SULFINT)
SHELL ( SULFEROX )

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PROCESS COMPARISON

GUIDE LINE
FOR PROCESS SELECTION

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CHEMICAL ABSORPTION

ADVANTAGES

DRAWBACKS

Not affected by acid gas High

partial pressure
consumption
Low absorption of HC

tendency
Foaming
(except hot carbonate)

In public domain
Reasonable
solvent

cost

Extensive

industrial

of

references

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steam

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Boiler water for make-up

Corrosion tendency

PHYSICAL ABSORPTION
ADVANTAGES

DRAWBACKS

Low energy requirement

Low corrosion

Depends on acid gas

partial pressure and
temperature

Remove mercaptans

HC absorption
unit affected)

(Claus

Low

water content in High cost of solvents

produced gas
Proprietary processes
No need of pure water
make-up

Most of conclusions are valide for the physico-chemical processes

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PHYSICAL ADSORPTION

ADVANTAGES

DRAWBACKS

Low CO2 content in the Valid for low CO2 initial

contents
produced gas

Low corrosion

May
mercaptans

Combined
drying

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regeneration
High
temperature (furnace)
remove

with

water

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MEMBRANE

ADVANTAGES

Low

requirement

Low corrosion
Low

DRAWBACKS

energy Depends on acid gas

partial
pressure
and
temperature
residual
CO2
High
content (a few percent)

water content in
produced gas
to
some
Sensitive
contaminants
No
need
of
pure
life
time
of
Low
solvent make-up
membranes (3 to 5 years)
Can be operated un Proprietary processes
manned (offshore)

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GUIDELINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION

APPLICATION

PROCESS

NOTE

CO2 ABSORP.
BULK
REMOVAL

WATER WASH SMALL

FLOWRATE
MEMBRANE

SENSIBLE TO
CONTAMINANT

DEA, aMDEA
HOT
CARBONTE
PHYS.
SOLVENTS
ACID
LOW
GAS
DEA, aMDEA
CONTENT

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NOT WITH H2S

GUIDELINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION

APPLICATION
CO2 AND H2S
ABSORPTION

PROCESS

DEA, a MDEA
PHYSICAL
SOLVENT

SELECTIVE H2S
ABSORPTION

GENERIC
MDEA, ADIP
SULFINOL

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NOTE

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HC ABSORTION
(CLAUS UNIT)

HC ABSORTION
(CLAUS UNIT)

GUIDELINE FOR PROCESS SELECTION

APPLICATION

PROCESS

NOTE

POLISHING
IRON SPONGE WASTE SOLID
ZnO
TO
BE
CHARCOAL
TREATED
DIRECT
CONVERSION
TO SULPHUR

SWEETENING
WITH
MERCAPTAN
REMOVAL

WITH NOT
FULLY
AMINE
MOLECULAR
REFERENCED
SIEVE
SULFINOL

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FLOW
LOW
AND
PRESSURE
(EXCEPT
SULFINT)

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HC ABSORTION
(CLAUS UNIT)