Lecture 1
Introduction To
Construction Methods And
Materials
JK/BSS552/2012
Objectives
The objectives of this lecture is
to understand and learn the
rational terms of differential
movement design to resist
rational phenomena and
meet user needs
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Why do we need a
building???
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WHY????
Fewer activities requires us to be outside
We need shelter from sun, wind, rain, and snow.
We need dry, level platforms for our activities.
We need to stack these platforms to multiply
available ground space.
On these platforms, and within our shelter, we
need air that is warmer or cooler, more or less
humid, than outdoors.
We need less light by day, and more light by
night, than is offered by the natural world.
We need services that provide energy,
communications and water and disposal of
wastes.
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earthquake?
flooding?
tsunami?
landslide?
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Building Loads
The design, selection of materials for
and construction of building
structures is based on the expected
loads, use(s) of the building and the
acceptable risk of failure.
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Dead
Live
Snow
Wind
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Dead Load
Dead load is the weight of the
building materials.
Live Load
Any load that will change during normal use of the
building.
People
Equipment
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Wind Loads
The effect of wind on a
building is not consistent.
On the up wind side of a
building, wall and roof
panels
experience
a
positive pressure, while
on the down wind side
there is a negative
pressure or suction load.
The
dashed
line
represents the racking
forces caused by wind.
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Wind effects
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Snow Loads
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Building structure
The building structure must have sufficient
strength to resist these load and as
important, sufficient stiffness when it resist
loads so that the movement and deflection
are not excessive because all materials
deform under load.
WHAT WILL
BE HAPPEN
NEXT???????
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18
m
= p/A
NATURAL DISASTER
EARTHQUAKE
FLOODING
GROUND WATER MOVEMENT
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ELEMENT OF RISK
HAZARDS
HAZARDS
EXPOSURE
EXPOSURE
RISK
RISK
VULNERABILITY
VULNERABILITY
LOCATION
LOCATION
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CAUSES
CAUSES
OF
OF
DAMAGE
DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT
(SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
EARTHQUAKES
EARTHQUAKES
CASE
CASEHISTORIES
HISTORIES
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
LACK OF DETAILING AND POOR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
LACK OF ATTENTION TO
NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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Building foundation is
in direct contact with
the ground and joins
the buildings structure
with the underlying
zone of soil or rock.
The foundations job is
to transfer the
structures load to the
underlying soil or rock,
without excessive
settlement or
movement.
CASE STUDY
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION
The following graphic
assessments of building
vulnerability to earthquake
ground shaking were
developed by an insurance
company and provided to
other organizations for
educational uses.
BUILDING ELEVATIONS
Horizontal and vertical
changes in symmetry, mass,
and stiffnessdeviations
from regularity--- will
increase a buildings
vulnerability to damage
from ground shaking.
AN IMPORTANT NOTE
NOTE:
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
1-2
Box
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non-structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation
and structure. XCracks around
windows.
DAMAGED
HOUSE:CHINA
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
1
Pyramid
None, if attention
given to foundation
and non structural
elements. Rocking
may crack foundation.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
4-6
Inverted Pyramid
Top heavy,
asymmetrical structure
may fail at foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5-6
L- Shaped Building
Asymmetry and
horizontal transition in
mass, stiffness and
damping may cause
failure where lower
and upper structures
join.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
3-5
Inverted T
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
2-3
Multiple Setbacks
Vertical transition in
mass, stiffness, and
damping may cause
failure at foundation
and transition points
at each floor.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
4-5
Overhang
Top heavy
asymmetrical structure
may fail at transition
point and foundation
due to rocking and
overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
6-7
Partial Soft Story
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
8 - 10
Soft First Floor
Vertical transitions in
mass and stiffness
may cause failure on
transition points
between first and
second floors.
THE
THE TYPICAL
TYPICAL SOFT-STOREY
SOFT-STOREY
BUILDING
BUILDING IN
IN TURKEY
TURKEY
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
9 - 10
Combination of Soft
Story and Overhang
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
10
Building on Sloping
Ground
Horizontal transition in
stiffness of soft story
columns may cause
failure of columns at
foundation and/or
contact points with
structure.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
8-9
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
BUILDING
BUILDING
ELEVATION
ELEVATION
LOCATIONS
LOCATIONSOF
OF
POTENTIAL
POTENTIALFAILURE
FAILURE
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
9 - 10
Sports Stadiums
FLOOR PLANS
FROM SIMPLE TO COMPLEX
AND FROM SYMMETRICAL TO
ASYMMETRICAL WILL
INCREASE A BUILDINGS
VULNERABILITY TO GROUND
SHAKING.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
Box
None, if symmetrical
layout maintained.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
2-4
Rectangle
Differences in length
and width will cause
differences in
strength, differential
movement, and
possible overturning.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
2-4
Street Corner
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5 - 10
U - Shape
Asymmetry will
enhance damage at
corner regions.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
Courtyard in Corner
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
L - Shape
torsion: CHINA
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5-7
H - Shape
Directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
damage at intersecting
corner.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
8 - 10
Asymmetry and
directional variation in
stiffness will enhance
torsion and damage at
intersecting.
ANALYSIS OF VULNERABILITY
POTENTIAL
POTENTIAL
PROBLEMS
PROBLEMS
FLOOR
FLOORPLAN
PLAN
RELATIVE
RELATIVE
VULERABILITY
VULERABILITY
[1
[1(Best)
(Best)to
to10
10(Worst)]
(Worst)]
5- 9
Curved Plan
Asymmetry and
irregularities will cause
torsion and enhance
damage along
boundaries and at
corners.
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