Microwave

Principle
Hesham Abd El Aleem
VF IP MW Swap Project
www.huawei.com

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the technical background of the Microwave and

its basic concepts

Describe Types of Microwave Transmissions systems

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Contents

Introduction to Microwave Network Design

Types of Microwave Transmissions.

Microwave Transmission Frequency Bands.

Microwave configurations.

Design Aspects and Main Concepts

Performance and availability objectives

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Introduction to Microwave Network

Design

The main objective for system planning is to

ensure that the radio relay system will meet the
given performance and availability
requirements.

Quality and availability of communications lineof-sight (LOS) radio are closely related to
propagation conditions.

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Transmission Types
Two methods of classifications

Point to point and point to multi point.

Line of sight and non line of sight.

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Transmission Types : Point to point and point to multi point

Point to point:

1 transmitter and 1 receiver.

Directive antennas used.

Low radiated power.

Point to multi point:

1 Base station connected to many stations.

Omni directional antenna used for base station.

High radiated power.

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Transmission Types
Line of Sight (LOS):
Simple design.
Full or partial clearance of fresnel zone.
Suitable for long links.

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Line-of-Sight Considerations
Microwave radio communication requires a clear lineof-sight (LOS) condition.
Radio LOS takes into account the concept of Fresnel
ellipsoids and their clearance criteria.
The Fresnel Zone must be clear of all obstructions.

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Radius of the first Fresnel zone

R=17.32(x(d-x)/fd)1/2
where d = distance between antennas (in Km)
R= first Fresnel zone radius in meters
f= frequency in GHz

y
d=x+y

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Frequency Bands
The following bands are available:
Long Haul:
2 , 6 , 7 and 8 GHz
Short Haul:
11 , 13 , 15 , 18 , 23 , 25 , 28 and 32 GHz
Micro Links:
38 GHz.

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Frequency Plans
According to ITU recommendation for each band.
The recommendation specifies the channel bandwidth, spacing and total
number of available channels.

Channel
bandwidth
Channel
spacing

Lower band

Upper band

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Frequency Plans
Frequency channel arrangements The available frequency band is
subdivided into two halves, a lower (go) and an upper (return) duplex half.
The duplex spacing is always sufficiently large so that the radio equipment
can operate interference free under duplex operation. The width of each
channel depends on the capacity of the radio link and the type of modulation
used
The most important goal of frequency planning is to allocate available
channels to the different links in the network without exceeding the
quality and availability objectives of the individual links because of radio
interference.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Frequency planning for MW

network

Chain/cascade configuration

f1 HP

f1 VP

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

f1 HP

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Basic Recommendations
Use higher frequency bands for shorter hops and lower frequency bands for
longer hops
Avoid lower frequency bands in urban areas.
Use star and hub configurations for smaller networks and ring configuration
for larger networks.
In areas with heavy precipitation , if possible, use frequency bands below 10
GHz.
Use protected systems (1+1) for all important and/or high-capacity links.
Leave enough spare capacity for future expansion of the system.

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Microwave configurations
configuration 1+0

One Main Indoor Unit (Main IDU) incorporating the baseband processing
and offering tributaries interfaces as well as service channel and supervision.
The IDU is frequency independent (same unit from 7/8 up to 38 GHz).
One Outdoor Unit (ODU) incorporating the complete RF transceiver and an
integrated or separated antenna. The ODU is capacity independent.
One integrated or non-integrated antenna

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1+1 HSB

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HSB SD 1+1

2x ODUs at same frequency

2x antennas single polarization

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FD 1+1

2x ODUs at different frequencies

2x antennas single polarization

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2x ODUs at different frequencies

antenna dual polarization 1

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Design Aspects and Main Concepts

Microwave Link Design is a methodical, systematic and

sometimes lengthy process that includes:
Loss/attenuation Calculations
Fading and fade margins calculations
Frequency planning and interference calculations
Quality and availability calculations

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Performance and availability objectives

Link Availability
A microwave link is available if communication is established in the two
directions with an acceptable bit error rate (BER).
If the BER of the communication in at least one direction exceeds the BER
specified, the link is considered unavailable.
%Availability=100-%Unavailability.

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Error performance parameters are derived from the

following events
Errored second (ES):
It is a one second period in which one or more bits are in error or
during which loss of signal or alarm indication is detected..
Severely errored second (SES):
It is a one second period which has a bit error ratio10-3
Parameters are:
Errored second ratio (ESR):
the ratio of ES to total seconds in available time during a fixed
measurement interval.
Severely errored second ratio (SESR):
the ratio of SES to total seconds in available time during a fixed
measurement interval.

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Period of unavailable time

begins at the onset of 10 consecutive SES events. These 10 s are part of
unavailable time.
Period of available time
begins at the onset of 10 consecutive non SES events. These 10 s are part of
available time.
A path is available if, and only if, both directions are available.
Quality (SES) and Availability objectives are chosen according to different
ITU recommendations.
Different ITU recommendations depend on the capacities and hop lengths
and frequency.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Thank you
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