Chapter 3
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Chapter 3
Chapter 3 - Overview
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National Variables
Economic system
Physical situation
Legal system
Technological
Political system
know-how
Cultural Variables
Values
Norms
Beliefs
Work
Time
Materialism
Attitudes
Individualism
Change
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What is Culture?
The culture of a society comprises the shared
values, understandings, assumptions, and goals
that are learned from earlier generations, imposed
by present members of a society, and passed on
to succeeding generations.
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Subcultures
Many countries comprise diverse subcultures
whose constituents conform only in varying
degrees to the national character.
In Canada, for example, distinct subcultures
include anglophones and francophones (Englishspeaking and French-speaking people) and
indigenous Canadians.
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Cultural Variables
(Identified by Harris and Moran)
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Cultural Variables
(contd.)
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Least
Medium
Most
Assertiveness
Sweden
Egypt
Spain
Performance
Orientation
Russia
Sweden
USA
Future
Orientation
Russia
Slovenia
Denmark
Humane
Orientation
Germany (West)
Hong Kong
Indonesia
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Power Distance
(Selected Countries)
High
MAL
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FRA
JPN
US
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Low
AUT
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Uncertainty Avoidance
(Selected Countries)
Desire for Stability
High
GRE
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FRA
GER
Low
US
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SIN
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Individualism
(Selected Countries)
High
Low
Individualism
AUL US
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Collectivism
FRA
MEX
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SIN
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Masculinity
(Selected Countries)
Lo
w
High
Relational
Assertive/Materialistic
JPN
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US
FRA
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CHC
SWE
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Country Clusters
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Japanese
Patience
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American
Man controlling nature
Risk-taking
Bold initiative
Spontaneity
Improvisation
Outspokenness
Critical thinking
Logical reasoning
Clarity and frankness
Confronting
Threatening
Decisiveness
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Japanese
Harmony
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Conformity
Group convention
Trusted relationships
Collective strength
Maintain the group
Modest resignation
Saving face
Oppressive unanimity
Humble cooperation
American
Individuality
Personal principle
Legal safeguards
Individual independence Freedom
Protect the individual
Righteous indignation
Being heard
Chaotic anarchy
Proving oneself
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Japanese
Hierarchy
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Rewarding seniority
Loyalty
Generalists
Obligations
Untiring effort
Shame
Dependency
Dutiful relationships
Industrial groups
Strict ranking
Racial differentiation
Gender differentiation
American
Rewarding performance
Track record
Specialists
Opportunities
Fair effort
Equality
Guilt
Autonomy
Level playing field
Industrial competition
Ambiguous/informal ranking
Racial equality
Gender equality
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