FRICTION

P. Jeyaraj
SMBS
VIT University

What is meant by
Friction?

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction
V

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction
A force that resists the movement of two
contacting surfaces that slide relative to one
another.
Friction force always acts tangent to the
surface at the points of contact and is directed
so as to oppose the possible or existing motion
between the surfaces

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction - Undesirable

Bearings
Power screws
Gears
Propulsion of aircraft and missiles through
atmosphere
Minimize the friction forces

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction - Desirable

Brakes
Clutches
Belt drives
Wheeled vehicles (to start and stop)
Ordinary Walking
Maximize the friction forces

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction - Effects
Whenever there is a sliding motion
between parts, the friction forces result in
a loss of energy which is dissipated in
the form of heat.
Wear is another effect of friction

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction - Types
Dry Friction
Occurs when the unlubricated surfaces of two
solids are in contact under a condition of sliding
Also called as Coulomb Friction

Fluid Friction
Occurs between the rubbing surfaces, when
the surfaces have a thick layer of lubricant
This is due to the oiliness of the lubricant

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Characteristics of Dry Friction

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Characteristics of Dry Friction

Limiting static frictional force (friction force during
impending motion) Fs is directly proportional to the
resultant normal force N

FS = SN

S is called the coefficient of static friction

When the block is on the verge of sliding, the angle
which the resultant of N and FS making with N is
called the angle of static friction
s=tan-1(Fs/N)=tan-1 S
Friction force developed is independent of area in
contact
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Friction

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection
Smooth surfaces

Reaction

?
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection
Rough surfaces

Reaction
Tangential force F as well
as a normal component N

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection

Reaction

Roller support

?
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection
Roller support

Reaction
A compressive force
normal to the supporting
surface

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection

Reaction

Pin connection

?
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection
Pin connection

Reaction
A force in any direction.
Usually shown as two
components Rx and Ry

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection

Reaction

Built-in or Fixed support

?
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection

Reaction

Built-in or Fixed support An axial force F, a

transverse force V and a
couple M.

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection

Reaction

Member pin connected

to collar on smooth rod

?
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection
Member pin connected
to collar on smooth rod

Reaction
A force perpendicular to
the rod

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Support Reactions
Connection
Member fixed
connected to collar on
smooth rod

Reaction
Couple moment and the
force perpendicular to the
rod

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram

Detach the body of interest and separate it
from other bodies.
Make the sketch of the contour of the body
isolated
Indicate all external forces
Indicate all constraining forces (i.e., support
reactions)
Include dimensions (may be needed to
compute moments)
P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram-Example 1

Draw the FBD of the foot lever shown. The operator applies a
vertical force to the pedal so that the spring is stretched 1.5 cm
and the force in the short link is 20 N.

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram-Example 1

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram-Example 2

Two smooth pipes, each having a mass of 300 kg, are
supported by the forked tines of the tractor. Draw the FBDs of
each pipe and both pipes together.

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram-Example 2

Pipe B

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram-Example 2

Pipe A

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Free Body Diagram-Example 2

Pipes A and B together

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body- Problem

Determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction
on the beam caused by the pin at B and the rocker at A as
shown in Figure. Neglect the weight of the beam.
(Bx= 424 N, Ay= 319 N, By= 405 N)

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body- Problem

The frame supports part of the roof of a small building. The
tension in the cable is 150 kN. Determine the reaction at the
fixed end E. (Ex= -90 kN, Ey= 200 kN, ME= 180 kNm CCW)

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body- Problem

A loading car is at rest on an inclined track. The gross weight of the car and
its load is 5500 lb, and it is applied at at G. The cart is held in position by
the cable. Determine the tension in the cable and the reaction at each pair
of wheels. (Ra = 562 lb, Rb = 1758 lb, T = 4980 lb)

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body- Problem

Determine the support reactions on the member
shown. The collar at A is fixed to the member and can
slide vertically along the vertical rod. (Ax= 0, NB =

900 kN, MA= 1.49 kNm CCW)

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body- Problem

Determine the reactions at the smooth contact points A, B and
C on the bar. (NC = 433 N, NA = 577 N, NB = 327 N)

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India

Equilibrium of a Rigid Body- Problem

The 25 kg bar has a center of mass at G. If it is supported by a smooth peg

at C, a roller at A, and cord AB, determine the reactions at these supports.
(NC= 152 N, TAB = 78.5 N, FA= 93.5 N)

P. Jeyaraj, SMBS, VIT University, Vellore, India